CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1999 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Featu.es  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  uniqjd,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  in  the  reproduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


n 


n 

D 
D 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged  / 
Couverture  endommagee 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

]•■'  \    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  biue  or  black)  / 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  el/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material  / 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  edition  disponible 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  durini;  '■estorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauraticn 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire  qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  oibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  m^tho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  .ndiques  ci-dessous. 

Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I I    Pages  damaged  /  Pages  andommagees 


n 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 


□ 

Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 
I   Showthrough/ Transparence 
I      I    Quality  of  print  varies  / 


Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  matt  el  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fa^on  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afin  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  imcge 
possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 

Po  Hnnimont  Oct  filmo  an  taiiv  Ho  rorliirtinn  inHtniio  ri.Hccc/Mic 


lOx 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

i 

1 

1 

1 

i 

12x 


16x 


20x 


24  X 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

D.B  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAnArosit6  de: 

D.B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantas  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet4  de  l'exemplaire  film^,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  filmAs  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  ie  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenipant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning   "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  ie 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  etre 
filmAs  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmA  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  on  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1  2  3 

4  5  6 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUIION    lESI    CHART 


1.0 


?8 


I.I 


!.  75 

m 

12.0 
1.8 


.25 


1.4     i  1.6 


A     /APPLIED  l^yMGE     inc 


THE  GEOLOGY  OE  VANXOUVER   AND  VICINITY 


t 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGO.  ILLINOIS 


THK  HAKKH  A  TAVLOR  COMPANY 

NIW  TURK 

THK  CAMIllilDill;  INIVEHSITY  PnE=S 

LKNDnK  AND  KDIIVBmoR 

THE  MARlZES-KABlr'HIKI-KAISHA 

TmJTO.  .(SASA.  ETOTO.  FrKfiiSA,  SIIVCAI 

THE  MISSION  BOOK  COMPANY 

BRaKOBA  I 


'\ 


n 


THE  GEOLOGY  ^  VAN- 
COl  VER   a»(/  VICINITY 


flv 


EDWARD  M(X)RK  JACKSON   liURWASH 


•' 
^ 


I 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO  PRESS 
CHICAGf),  ILLINOIS 


Publi-ibrd  v-pf-mhfr  ir,i8 


^"^b^'^ 


The  I'mvprMty  III  ChltAgo  Pm« 
O.I'itfj.  llliDuri.  U.S. A. 


( OMI.MS 

I'\K1    I       IM  kohl  (   I  |(i\    \\l>   I'llS  "-!(((, K\l'll|(     hlxkll'l  Hl\ 

iixniK  _  ^,^ 

I.    (il  il,.HM'lll(      ISIKnlil  rllus  , 

II.    1)1  -(  KIlTloN    UK    MAri'l  I)    Ahi   \  ,, 

I'Vkl     II        (,l:()|.()(,\ 

111      1  II  I  1)    WiiKK                                                           .                .  ..Q 

l\.     I  Ml      r.MliP/dlC                                                                     .  ,j 

\.    III!    I'lpsr  I'AimziiK    iIkiassic')  I'dki'ii'iKiU'.  4.- 

\l      I'l'F'l  H    Jl'KASSlC  (')          .                                 44 

\1I.    l:<ii\.iMlr     Nsi'KCTS          .        .                                 s^(j 

\  III.     |;.H  rSi:                         ,,  , 

IX.    I'nM-KlKKNK    KklPTIVf.S    (Hl.ArK    I'l  SK    iJASAirS)          ....  68 

X.     rill.    (UklllAlDI    \ULC.\.NIC'    Idkll.MldN  .77 

XI.    (,)lMVkNAKV    DkI-DSITS    AM)    I'll  iSI()(;kAPllIC    HlSHlRV                .        .  8o 

'^"'■^                              105 


I 


s 


M 

1 


J'ART  I 
INTRODICTION  AM)  I'HVSKXiRAPHIC  UESCRimON 


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0 


1 
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."\35!5!3a 


CHAI'IKK   I 


(iWKiK M'Hic  IN rRMDrcrrov 
The  I'iuitic  Coa-l  of  ihr  Lnited  States  an<l  Canada 


throughout,  by  two  parallel  mountain  chai 

whieh  are  se|)arateil  through  most  of  their  leiiKlh  bv  structural  vallevs  of 


IS  bordered 
or  successions  of  ranges 


i^reai  maK'nitude.  but  are  connected  here  and  there  bv  tran: 


ir  coalesce  into  mountain 


\erse  ranges. 


miewhat  steeply  from  the  sea,  with  but  little 
lains  at  its  fcKit.     Its  principal  members  are  th 


I  he  Western  chain  rises  in  ;;eneral 


levelopment  of  coastal 


e  mountams 


of  1 


California,  the  Rroup  of  seven  islands  otT  the  (  oast  of  Southern  Calif 
the  coast  ranges  of  California  and  Oregon,  the  Olv 


.ower 
oriiia. 


lympics  o: 


if  Washington. 


nd  the  Vancouver  Range  of  Hritish  Columbia,  which  reappears  to  the 
lorlhward   in   the  (jueen   Charlotte   Islands,  and 


Ala-kan  Islands  and  the  St.  Klias  Range,  where  it  reach 


IS  continued   m 


devel 


the 


es  its  maximum 


lojiment  at  its  junction  with  the  east  and  west  range  of  the  southern 
l)art  ol  the  .\la>kan  Peninsula.  Several  portions  of  the  western  chain 
are  traversed  bv 
and  Columbia  ri\ 


iierged  valleys  and  by  the  vallevs  of  the  Klamath 


ers 


Kese  interruptions,  w 


hich 


Ol 


i'n„'  intervals  in  the  southern  part,  increasing 


curat  comparatively 


t'n\ard  the  north,  inc 


in  number  and  magnitude 


Harbara  ami  San  I'edro  channels,  the  ('• 


ude  the  entrances  to  the  Ciulf  of  Catalina.  the  Santa 


len  (late,  the  riser  \al 


e\' 


already  mentioned,  and  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Kuca,  follow ed  to  the  north 
by  the  wide  interval  between  the  Vancouver  and  Oueen  Chariot  te  Islands, 
by  the  Dixon  entrance  to  the  north  of  the  gueen  Charlotte  Islands,  and  by 
sexeral  >maller  channels,  which  separate  the  Prince  ui  Wales,  Haranof. 


and  Chicagof  inlands  f 
wc-t  of  Lvnn  Can;i 


rom  one  another  and  from  the  peninsula  to  the 


Tht 


eastern  mountain  chain  consist-  of  the  Si 


Ne\ada,  the  Ca.-ca 
southeastern  Alaska. 


■rra  Madre,  the  Sierra 


-cade-.,  and  tl 


St    I 


Range  of  iJritish  Columbia  and 


'Ihe  transverse  diviiles  read 


h  a  maximum  elevation  in  the  Klamath 
ma\-  be  -aid  to 


Mountains,  and  from  thi>  point  the  trough  a^  a  whi 
pitch  to  the  north  and  south,  rising  again  toward  Alaska. 
The  most  southern  ext 


of  the(;ulf  of  Calif( 

ch.inntl-  and  the  Gulf  of  Calal 


ension  ol  the  geosyncline  contain-  the  waters 

irnia.  and  the  next,  the  Santa  Barbara  and  San  I'edro 

Ina,  with  the  coa.-tal  [ilaiii-  adjacent  to 


£' 


nil,   <,HH.(H.V   OF    \  \N(()I\|;k     \\n   \I(ImtV 


them,  riu-  C.KiM  RariKc  i->  here  rtpri'^intcfl  tiy  a  frincc  of  islands  which 
<l<)  not  form  a  continuous  harrier  af,'ain-t  the  ocean,  and  the  coast  line 
behind  them  is  not  well  provided  with  well-heltered  ii.itural  harbors. 
'Ihc  cities  of  Los  .Xnf.'eles,  .San  Oieso,  an<i  Santa  Harl)ara  are  situated  on 
this  coastal  [)lain. 

Still  farther  to  the  north  the  drainage  of  the  great  interior  valley  of 
California  obtains  at  .ess  to  the  sea  through  the  Golden  (Jate,  a  drownc.l 
river  valley,  whose  inland  e.\ten>ion  furnishes  a  fine  natural  harbor, 
around  which,  at  the  entrance  to  the  great  valley  of  California,  cluster 
the  cities  of  San  Francisco,  Oakland,  Berkeley,  .Alameda,  .San  Rafael, 
and  San  Mateo. 

The  ne.xt  harbora-e  of  imjxirtance  occurs  where  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  River  affords  ingress  t..  the  Willamette  Valley,  and  here  the 
cities  of  .Xstoria,  Portland,  and  Vancouver  (Oregon)  are  situated. 

Following  the  Willamette  Wdley  are  the  Valley  of  Puget  Sound  and 
the  Strait  of  Georgia,  with  their  adjacent  lowlands,  to  which  access  is 
obtained  by  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.     In  this  case  the  submergence 
has  extended  well  into  the  structural  valley,  whose  northern  part  is 
largely  submerged,  while  about   its  southern  part   there  is  sufficient 
lowland  for  the  sites  of  the  litie.^  of  Puget  Sound,  southeastern  Van- 
couver Island,  and  the  Fraser  X'alley.     In  this  region  and  farther  north 
the  configuration  of  the  coast  has  been  profoun.lly  modified  by  glaciation. 
The  Cordilleran  ice  sheet  or  ice  tongues  from  it  which  crossJd  the  Coast 
Range  formed  large  piedmont  glaciers  and  filled  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  with 
an  ice  stream  which  found  its  outlets  through  the  Queen  Charlotte  Sound, 
the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  the  Puget  Sound  vallev.'     The  action 
of  the  ice  resulted  in  .leepening  both  the  mountain  vallevs  normal  to  the 
coast  and  those  parallel  to  it  near  the  edge  of  the  range.'   Bv  the  agency 
either  of  ice  erosion  below  sea-level  or  of  a  subsequent  submergence,  o'r 
both,  a  great  number  of  inlets  were  [.roduced  which  are  connected' by 
channels  near  their  mouths  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  long  inside  water- 
ways, which  lie  i)arallel  to  the  coast  behind  a  fringe  of  islands.     The 
result  is  that,  while  the  coast  south  of  Cape  Flatterv  has  onlv  an  occa- 
.sional  harbor,  the  coasts  north  of  it,  whether  of  mainland  or  inlands,  are 
indented  by  many  liordsand  passages  whose  waters  are  completely  .shel- 
tered, although  in  many  cases,  owing  to  their  great  depth,  thev  do  not 
furnish  convenient  anchorages.     From  the  heads  of  many  of  the  riords 
\  alleys  extend  up  to  passes  which  cross  the  summit  of  the  Coast  Range, 
and  from  the  p.i-es  corresponding  valleys  descend  on  the  eastern  side.' 

■  C.  .M.  I  ).:.■,. ■.,■.'..  "(.haiatiun  ol  tlu'  Cor.lilkra,"  Amrnj,,  G,olosi>l. !  (iSyo),  153. 


C.K()(,R.\P|[rc    IMR(II)r(  TlOV 


In.Iml,  It  seems  prohahle  that,  pn-v  i„us  to  the  Sierran  uphft,  the  heads 
-.1  many  ..f  the  stream^  which  now  have  their  sources  near  the  axis  of  the 
raii-e  ami  How  westward  |„  the  fiord,  were  much  [arther  east  and  carried 
part  of  the  drainage  of  the  interior,  which  has  since  l)een  .liverted  to  the 
1-rascr'  and  other  streams  which  maintained  their  courses  across  the  axi> 
ol  the  uplift.  The  streams  which  thus  held  their  courses  acro-s  th- 
uphit  are  the  Frase. ,  .Skeena,  Xasse,  Stikine,  and  the  less  important  Taku. 
I  heir  \alley.s  i)rovide  the  easier  railway  grades  across  the  range,  and  good 
harborage  is  to  he  had  at  or  near  their  mouths. 

The  (nilf  of  Georgia  is  divided  from  I'uget  Sound  bv  a  spur  of  the 
Cascade  Range  which  exien<is  northwestward  from  the  mainland  of 
Washington  to  the  southeast  end  of  \ancouver  Island  and  is  divi<led  by 
a  number  of  channels  into  the  .San  Juan  Island,.     On  the  west  >ide  of 
the  gulf  the  shores  of  \-ancouver    I.,lan<l   present  a  strip  of  lowland 
underiai.l  by  coal-bearing  Cretaceous  rocks,  which  extends  northwest 
to  the  en.l  ot  the  gulf.     On  the  northeast  si.le  the  Coast  Range  rises 
somewhat  al,ruptly  from  the  sea  from  the  northwestern  end  .,f  the  gulf 
>outhea>lwanl  to  Burranl  Inlet,  where  the  foot  of  the  mountain^  turn-, 
a!ir.o>t  directly  east  and  leaxes  a  lowlan.l  area  to  the  >outh  of  the  range 
on  which  the  Fraser  River  debouches  after  emerging  from  its  canvon 
between  the  Coast  and  the  Skagit   mountain  ranges.     The  lowland  i> 
widest  toward  the  west,  where  it  extends  into  the  stale  of  Washington 
and  narrows  eastwardly  to  an  ape.x  at  ab(,ut  one  hun.ired  miles  from  the 
gull.     It  IS  ol  a  general  triangular  form,  and  i>  bounded  on  the  north 
by  the  Coast  Range,  on  the  southeast  bv  >purs  from  the  Skagit  Ran-'e  <,f 
ihe  Cascades,  and  on  the  west  by  the  (Julf  of  (k-oru'ia.     The  j.art  of  it 
v.hich   lies   north  of   the   international   b.,undarv  comi.rises   the   lower 
1  raser  \-alley,  while  the  ,)art  which  lies  in  the  state  of  Washington  is 
.■i\imly  compri>ed  in  the  valley  of  the  Xooksac!;  Ri.er. 

From  th.,.  vicinity  of  Vancouver  on  the  lowland  l.vo  important  passes 
lead  across  the  C.)a^t  Rang..  The  mo-i  important  i^  that  of  the  Fra.er 
t-anyon,  which  aiTords  accc,  by  a  -  v.aier  :;ra<ie  -  to  the  interior  plateau 
region  ol  lir,ti>h  Columbia,  especially  the  ThonipMin  Xallev  and  its 
tributary  valleys,  and  ha-  subordinate  pa,>.is  \>v  wav  oi  the  Co,,uhallu 
and  Xicola  valley>  to  the  -outhern  Okanagan  and  Kooienav  re-ion, 
Ihe  .second  leads  directly  north  from  ihc  hear!  ,,f  Ilo.ve  Sound  bv  way 
-1  the  Cheakamous  X'alley  to  the  L'pper  Fra>er  Xalley.     .\  third' route 

■  l,i  ,h.  >  a,>-  „|  ,;,.  I  r,,..r  \  .dKy  ,t  i-  ,„n-,.i!,le  tlu.t ,,  structural  ('.pr.„i„„  L.tuu  „ 
■Mst  a-.i  (  asuulc  rai'jro  iia,  ^.jscu  (iu-  notahic  prv,i„mi..incc  eujovcd  U   thai 
-:.-Lani  .ivir  uilicrs  in  Iht   •■•i-.t-riMr. 


f 


s 


',1 
•  \ 


6 


rill    (.i.ni.iM.\   or  \\\(i]r\iK    \mi  NiriNirv 


lfa\t^  till'  i-  r:i^fr  Wiilcy  at  .\i;a-^i/  and  jniti^  llic  ^I'lonii  iii'ar  I't-mhcrtoii. 
liy  way  of  Harrison  I.akc.  ihv  IJIIiiocI  KiviT,  ami  I.illdocl  Lake. 

At  thi'  ncirtluTii  cwi  ni  ilu-  ('■nil  ot  (icor^'ia  thi-  Coa^l  Kan^c  ami  tlu- 
X'amouMT  l-lanil  Kani;i'  ajipmadi  caih  uihir.  a  tran^vcr'^i'  axis  ol 
(■l(\ati()ii  ((iiiiuilin^  ihrni.  'i'hi^  ha<  Ijfi-ii  •>  ili--M'i  !i-i|,  liDWcvcr.  lir~t 
hy  ri\('r>  ami  later  hy  id',  that  (inly  tiu'  inli-rsircani  ujilaiiii-;  remain 
aliovc  .-ia-lt\(  1.  ami  the  naviiialile  iliannel  "f  J(lhn^lonl•  Strait  ronnei  t^ 
the  (iiilf  of  (jeoraia  valley  with  that  oi  ^  upied  liv  tjueen  Charlotte  Souml 
and  Heiate  Sirait.  'i'hi^  ^ei  lion  of  the  t;eo~ymline  i~  niueh  more  widelv 
open  to  ihe  ~ea  on  the  we-l  ih m  the  ^eetions  to  the  north  or  south.  The 
ilistaiue  from  Cape  Scot  I  at  llie  norltiern  extremity  of  Wmeouver  Island 
to  Caj)!'  St.  Jame>,  tl;e  southernmost  point  of  the  (Jueeii  Charlotte 
l-iands,  is  alxivit  i<5  mile^,  and  l)i\on  1-Jitran<e,  to  the  north  of  the 
(Jueen  Charlotte  !;rou]i,  has  a  width  of  about  ^^  miles.  Besides  the 
mouths  of  the  Skeena  and  the  Nasse  ri\ers,  a  number  of  important 
liords  indent  the  land  alont;  this  part  of  the  roast,  .\monf,'  them  are  the 
Portland  Canal,  Observatory  inlet,  an<l  Douulas,  dardner.  Dean,  and 
Hurke  channels,  several  of  which  have  feasible  railway  routes  leading 
from  their  heads  across  the  Coa'-t  Kan;;e.  The  most  important,  from 
an  eionomic  [loint  of  view,  probablv  is  the  Dean  Channel. 

The  exce|)tionally  deej>  submergence  of  this  division  of  the  coa-t 
trouj;h  has  the  followini:  important  results: 

1.  .As  already  noted,  the  passages  from  it  to  the  open  oiean  arc  verv 
wide. 

2.  The  advance  of  the  sea  apainst  the  Coa^t  Ranye  ha>  left  no  low- 
lancl^  faxorable  for  cities  alons  the  coast  exci'])l  on  islands,  such  a- 
Banks  Island,  uhiih  are  sei)arated  from  the  mainland  by  deep  channel-, 
with  mountainous  sides.  An  exception  to  this  occurs  near  the  northern 
end  of  the  strait  in  theTsimpsian  Peninsula,  which  has  also  the  ad\antat;e 
of  being  adjacent  to  the  mouth  of  ilie  Skeena  River.  It  atTords  sites  for 
the  (ity  <if  Prince  Rupert  and  the  villages  of  Metlakatla  and  Port 
Simiison.  the  first  and  last  of  which  ha\e  excellent  harbors. 

.;.  The  extension  of  the  tidewater  far  into  the  mountain  vallev> 
i;i\es  the  fiords  a  much  j^reater  leni;th  than  elsewhere  on  the  coast. 
I'he  available  town  ^ites  are  mainlv  on  deltas  formed  in  ])o--t;^lacial  time-, 
at  the  heads  of  the  tiords.  'i'hey  have  the  disad\antaj;e  of  beini;  sur- 
rounded by  mountains,  with  possible  outlets  onlv  in  two  directions — 
inland  by  the  mountain  jias^es  and  >eaward  by  the  tioids.  The  dis- 
covery of  minerals  near  b\  has  already  determined  the  occupation  of  one 
.such  location  at  the  head  of  the  Portland  Canal,  and,  while  the  life  of 


C.Mir.kAI'lllC    IMRllim   IKiN 


fninirm  lommunitii's  is  in  u't-ncral  >horl,  it  is  prohahle  that  citify  will 
cycntually  fstaMish  thcmxlves  in  these  iu)Niti()n>.     The  limit ini'  ton- 
ilitidiis  on  the  commereial  side  are  the  amnuni  of  area  available  tcr  the 
Kiun,  the  small  number  of  .iireetion-  in   whi<h   transportation   routes 
diverge,  the  unproilurtive  and  si)arsely  settled  nature  of  the  .-urroundinj,' 
hif.'hlar.d>.  an<l  the  Krealer  laeilities  enjoyed  by  lompetinK  |<'rls.      Mueh 
will  .lei>end  on  how  mueh  of  the  interior  is  naturally  trihuta.v  to  ea.  h 
port  and  on  the  nature  of  the  passes  across  the  mountains.     From  the 
industrial  side  these  limitations  may  he  partly  counterbalanced  by  the 
use  of  local  resources,  such  as  timber,  mines,  fisheries,  and  water-power. 
Where  th.      illeys  above  tidewater  contain  a  sufficient  area  of  tillable 
land,  sma,      .stributim;  centers  will  exist.     These  statements  in  jjeneral 
may  also  be  ai)i)lie(i  to  similar  conditions  e.xistinR  on  the  mainland  .  oast 
of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  to  the  northwest  of  Vancouver,  where  Howe  .S.,und 
an<l  Jtrvis,  Toba,  and  IJute  inlets  are  subject  to  the  same  conditions. 
The  most  northerly  section  of  the  coast  structural  trough  lies  within 
the  territory  of  Alaska  and  extends  from  .he  southern  end  of  Prince  of 
Wales  Island  to  the  hea<l  of  the  Lynn  Canal.     Here  the  submergence  is 
much  less  marked,  and  the  waters,  instead  of  sprcadinj;  broadlv  across 
the  floor  of  the  valley,  as  in  the  region  last  descril)ed,  occupv  channels 
cut  into  the  valley  floor  in  Pleistocene  times.     The  northern  region  is 
in  this  respect  the  counten)art  of  the  Fuget  .Sound  basin  and  of  the  .livi.les 
intervening  between  PuRet  .Sound  and  the  (Julf  of  Georgia  (San  Juan 
Islands)  and  between  the  Gulf  of  (Jeor^'ia  and  Oueen  Cluirlotte  Sound. 
Hie  lowlands  are  much  more  common  along  the  mainland  nxist  than 
in  the  Ikiti.sh  Columbia  tract,  and  fori^  many  of  the  islands  intervening 
between  the  Coast  RanRe  and  the  outer  mountainous  barrier  on  the 
ChicaKof  and.  Harcnof  islan.ls.     The  waters  of  the  liorrl.;  penetrate  the 
mountains  to  comparatively  short  instances.     Fort  WranKell,  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Stikine  on  a  lowdyin-  island,  and  Ska^wav.  at  the 
head  of  the  Lynn  Canal,  occupy  what  are  probablv  the  most  important 
sues  in  the  region.     The  former  owed  its  rise  to  the  development  of  the 
(  assiar  mines  in  the  early  seventies,  and   the  latter  to  the  Klon.like 
mines  in  the  late  nineties  of  the  la-l  century.     Both  have  -leclined  with 
I  he  mining  in.lustry,  and  owing  to  their  m)rtherlv  position  and  the 
international  boundary  lying  between  them  and  their  natural  hinterla.id, 
whose  ability  to  su])i)ort  a  large  population  is  as  vet  unproved,  their 
jiroliable  mii)ortance  is  relatively  small. 

A  feature  of  the  coast  region  from  Puget  Sound  northward  \^  ;u  h  has 
noteworthy  economic  bearing  is  the  i)resence  of  strong  tidal  currents, 


C 


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;» 

;) 


nil     (.loldi,^    (IK    \\\(i)|\fK     \M)    VKINirY 


whidi.  at  icrtaiii  ^la^'i-  of  the  tiilc,  atT'd  na\ii;ati(in  thrmit'h  thv  nar- 
mutr  uaicTways.  Of  llu'x- llic  most  inijiotaiil  for  the  ]niq)()scs  of  ihi^ 
artiilf  an-  Seymour  Narro\\>  in  Johnstone  Strait,  the  narrows  of  Hurrard 
Inlet  Ijetueen  Stanle\'  Park  ami  the  Capilano  Delta,  and  Pluni|)er's 
Pass,  whiih  lie>  to  the  south  of  Cialiano  l-laml  on  the  route  from  \an- 
cou\er  to  the  Pat  itie  \  ia  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  I'uca.  Of  these,  the  onl\ 
one  that  (au>e^  serious  ilela>-  i-.  that  at  the  Seymour  Narrows,  whiih 
atTe(ts  onl\'  the  northern  coastwise  trallic  of  \'aneou\er  and  the  l'u«et 
Sound  ports. 


CHAPTKk  II 


I»K.SCkII'Tl(»\  OK  MAI'I'Ci)  AKKA 

The  area  covered  in  .ietaii  hy  this  rei><,rt  is  <livi,led  into  two  disti.ui 
portions,  each  of  a  .iefmite  physioRraphic  tyi.e.  The  southern  portion 
which  extends  from  the  neiRhborhood  of  Burrard  Inlet  to  the  inter- 
national boundary  and  beyond,  is  part  of  the  i\mr  of  the  great  structural 
valley  in  which  lie  I'uRet  Sound  and  the  Gulf  of  GcorRia.  It  is  u;  derlai.l 
by  the  Eocene  sediments  of  the  PuRet  formation,  upon  which  V  tocene 
Riacial  and  Recent  alluvial  deposits  lie  unconformablv.  Its  sunace  is 
sculptured  in  comj)aratively  low  relief. 

The  area  which  lies  north  of  Burranl  Inlet  presents  a  mountainous 
aspect  and  is  a  part  of  the  southern  margin  of  the  Coast  RanRe  of  British 
Columbia.  It  IS  underlaid  largely  by  Kranitoi<l  rocks,  but  there  are  some 
overlyinR  areas  of  nieta-iKneous,  meta-sedimentarv,  and  later  etTusive 
rocks  which  locally  affect  the  topographv.  The  e.xtreme  relief  in  the 
region  mapped  is  about  (.,cxx,  feet,  and  farther  north,  at  Mount  Garibaldi 
this  increases  to  8,700  feel.  OwinR  to  ihis  hi^h  relief,  the  topographic 
features  are  very  striking  and  yiehl  a  definite  record  of  a  succession  of 
ph\  siographic  cycles. 

While  the  lowland  has  undergone  a  history  which  ha<l  much  in 
common  with  the  highland,  it  .kx-s  not,  owing  to  its  low  altitu.ie,  r-tain 
as  distinct  a  set  of  erosional  records,  especially  of  the  (Ider  and  some 
ater  stages,  which  were  being  s«  ulptured  in  the  mountain  area  while  the 
lowland  ay  below  sea-level.  On  the  other  han<l,  the  depositional  history 
IS  as  well  or  better  .seen  there,  and  the  succession  of  interglacial  and 
pos.glacial  uplifts  is  in  some  cases  better  recorded.  There  seems  little 
doubt  that  both  areas  formed  part  of  a  Pliocene  or  early  Pleistocene 
peneplain,  whose  upwarp  along  the  a.xis  of  the  Coast  Range  Baiholith  has 
produced  the  [)resent  differentiation. 

In  general,  the  lowland  pre.sents  the  physiographic  features  of  an 
area  underlaid  b>'  truncated  se.limenlary  ..trata  of  low  dip,  covered  with 
U'lacial  deposits,  and  further  mo.lit.ed  by  the  presence  of  a  river  of  larc^e 
dimensions.  The  mountain  area  has  the  features  due  to  stream  erosicm 
01  an  ui.land  largely  of  massive  igneous  rocks,  affected  bv  successive 
i)criods  of  uplilt  and  modified  by  later  glaciaiion. 


C 


i 

0 

I 

r 

> 


rill.    I.I  DI.Oi.Y    (If    \  WCittVI  K    AND   VICIMIY 


A.       TIIK    I.OWI.AM)    SK(  rillN 

I'lu'  l()vslan<l  to  lliL-  soutli  of  Hurriinl  liilit  may  for  convcnienie  of 
(li's(ri]>lion  l)t'  (lividcil  into  four  parts,  whiih  are  in  order  from  nortli 
to  Miuth:  (il  the  Hurrard  I'tiiinsuia;  (.')  llu-  Fraser  Delta;  (U  the 
Surrey  lerrate;  (4)  a  murainit  area  cxteiidinK  to  the  international 
houndary. 

I.  'fill-  liurrtird  Peninsula.  The  Hurrard  I'eninsul  1  is  hounded  hy 
the  Fraser  Ri\er  on  the  south  ami  Hurrard  Inlet  on  the  north,  and  may 
1)0  considered  as  extending  from  I'oinl  (Jrey  at  its  western  extremity 
to  the  I'itt  River  on  the  east.  Its  maximum  width  from  north  to  south 
is  about  S'  miles,  and  its  length  from  east  to  west  alumt  22J  miles  Its 
surface  in  most  i)arts  is  not  more  than  400  feet  above  sea-level,  except 
along  its  northern  edge  between  the  second  narrows  of  Hurrard  Inlet 
and  Port  .Moo<ly,  where  a  ridge  from  (joo  to  1,500  feet  high  borders  the 
south  side  of  the  inlet.  The  Coiiuitlam  River  traverses  the  eastern  end 
of  the  peninsula  and  enters  the  Fraser  a  short  distance  west  of  the  Pitt. 

The  Hurrard  Peninsula  consists  of  two  ridges,  both  of  which  have  an 
east-wesi  trend,  with  a  valley  between.  It  is  covered  with  drift,  the 
character  of  which  will  be  described  later.  The  underlying  rocks  belong 
to  the  Puget  formation.  The  southern  ridge  extends  from  Point  Grey 
on  the  west  to  the  junction  of  the  Hrunette  Creek  and  the  Fraser  River  at 
.Sap])erton,  a  distance  of  17',  miles.  It  extends  5  miles  farther  west  than 
the  northern  ridge,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  a  marked  depres-ion 
which  forms  the  valley  of  Hrunette  t'reek,  Hurnaby  and  Deer  lakes,  and 
Stil!  Creek,  and  l)evond  a  divid'  to  the  west  contains  the  waters  of  the 
shallow  inlet  known  as  False  Creek.  The  general  direction  of  the  valley 
from  the  Fraser  to  False  Creek  is  west  by  north. 

The  southern  ridge  is  occupied  by  the  city  of  New  Westminster  at 
its  southeastern  end,  by  the  southern  |)art  of  the  municii)ality  of  Bur- 
nabv,  bv  the  entire  municipalities  of  South  \'ancouver  and  Point  Grey, 
and  by  the  southern  |)art  of  the  city  of  \'anc()U\er. 

The  northern  ri<lge  of  the  Hurrard  Peninsula  e.xtends  in  an  east-hy- 
south  direction  from  Stanley  Park  to  the  junction  of  the  Pitt  and  Fra.ser 
rivers  a  distance  of  about  18  miles,  and  is  somewhat  less  in  area,  though 
considerably  greater  in  altitude,  than  the  southern  ridge.  Its  eastern 
end  is  occupied  by  the  municipalities  of  Co(|uitlam  and  Hurnaby,  while 
on  it  low  western  end  is  situated  the  princijjal  part  of  the  city  of  Van- 
couver. Its  northern  edge  lies  along  the  south  side  of  Hurrard  Inlet 
to  its  head  at  Port  Moody,  and  from  there  along  the  depression  which 
nms  from  the  head  of  the  inlet  westward  to  Westminster  Junction  on  the 


c 

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DQDlDDa 


r. 

O 

r— 


m 
O 

I- 
O 

o 

o 

> 


O-  f 


r,    ^ 


d 
ti 
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b 
t 
i.> 
s 
a 
a 
> 
o 


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t 


I't  >i   f  DM  |. 


i|     M  Xl'l'l  I)     \k(   \ 


( 

I'itt    M,;i,|. 
Ill) 


Knit,   uluri'   Jl    i|fli( 


I  Ik 


wliii  li  fxIcii.N  i(ir 


-iiiiilm.ir.l  til  ihc  |- 


M. 


"'I  thf  alluM.il  |>l.iiri  kti.uMi  ,i, 
•'iitu'  iliM.iti.r  up  the   I'm    Kr\,.r  .iii<| 


,ri    llir   (■ 


Ihi   ra-t  I  rii 


if  I  lie 


'luiilani  am'   I'm   riM 


.kIkiI  (iiillii  r  III  Ihc  n.irllimi  Hiirrar  I  I 


-  an  <-i(\ali<.M  knuwii  a-  Marv  -  ilill.  «|, 


li.Vt  lrnii.;h.  iMili  IN  ca-manl  cMhimi 


''■itiiiMila  rul:;.-       Ih,-  Hurrar.l 


l>iirii.ili\  l.aki-   I'aUf  ( 


II  ti)  ilii-  I'iii   Mrailiiw- 


.iikI  liii 


I 


ra>iT  Kiur  whU  li  lia\r  li- 


riik  Ir.iuuli  -trill  iiniloiiliu-.lly  to  l,,-.i|,|  ,|,a„n,.U 

"r  111   till'  iiion- 
II'  iiiirlli  tiiward 


iliatiiliiin-i|  in  lav 
toll 


-.■!.tli<rl>  ihann.-l  owin^-  t<>  the  ,lrvati(.ii  i.f  iln'  Ian. I 
II'.-  iiiMUiitain  axis.     lUtiU  .i|  t!i,M'  .|.|.ri,,iun,  a|)| 
III!  Iirl>  inn  K.Hcnc  nu  k^.     lUirrar.l  Inli  t 
MriKiural.  .irii;in,  ami  mi<  li  tviiji-iuc  a^  i> 


xar  lo  ()<■  iru  i-nl  m  thr 


>iulii-ii)n  lor  the  vallivoi  Hi; 


I-  uniliiulitcdjyiif  iTii^intial, 
s  a\aliali|f  |Kiinls  in  ilu-  -.i 


1  hatinil  <il  'hi'  Frax-r 


lal.y  Lakcaiul  laUc  Critk.      II 


P'l.'i-l   I 


MXTiK  III  he  ()\fr  a  (lii)r 


urmaiion,  wliiih  is  proliaMy  in  part  at   I 


nut 


II-  prcM'iit 
I'll  III  ihr  surtaic  1)1  till- 


i-ast   sirmtLiral,  a- 


"III,  rops  „f  r.H  k  arc  knimn  alon;:  the  shuri's  ti.  ihi-  s.mth  as  I 


111) 


init'inatiiiiial 


i)oiin(lar\ . 


Ih 


at  \i'H  Wi'siniinst 

lirl'H    hiu'h    III 


(•  t.\ia\atiuns  tor  thr  Irasi-r  ki 


<r  s|n)\v  that  the  nuk 


ir  as  the 
■r  liriilKf 


■iirlaif  is  there  ahoiit  i  co  iVet 


«<>  and  one  thin!  miles  larlher  north 


IN    tlH'   I.e.!  ol    the    Hninelle   Creek,  at   an    elevati 


II     Is 


eX|)Osei 


Th 


i-re  I-  a  roi  I 


t'eel   al)o\e  sea-level.       I 


i-iitiTop  at   I'airview  H.ikthts,  al-o,  al 


>n    nearly    .'oo  leel 


lout    ;oo 


u-  inanlle  ol   till  in  th 
however.  >o  nmlinuous  and  thiik   that  in  th 


Is  part  of  the  peninsula 


orinu 


an 


III  urate  dexription  of  the  underl 


f  aliM-nee  ot   nn 


>  inj,'  ro(  k  suria 


inerous 
If  must  lie 


I 


.Xloin;  the  niarviii-.  oi   ih,.   lUirrard   I' 


area-,  eilhir  tide  llaN. 


iiniisula  are  a  numlier  of  I 


iis  on  the  iiorlli  si, 


r.i-er,  ('oi|uiilam.  I'iti.  a 


111; 


n,|  U 


runellt 


pi.''i:n-ula,  ran   with 


Ihe-t 


Ih-,-  ,!elt 
■  •  I'rief  d 


:i  and   llo,>,i-i)la 


propriel\-   lie   d 


ou 

ileriiii;  the 
^llile  [lart  ol  the 


)laiiis  hori 


in   .ire.i-  of    the   ne\l    d 


i-si  rilied    HI   mnnei  lion    with 


sinplion  of  the  Iras 


-r  \a! 


iMsioii.  will)  uhii  h.  .ds 


lie  ui-sierii  pan  ,,f  IViim  (irev  i 


ty  may  he  imlude,!. 


terr 


ue.  and  may  propi  rl\   lie  referred  l^ 


s  ol  oriLfin  -imil.ir  to  ilu 


Thr  J- 


riiu'r  /),!l(i 


I  in  thai  lorin,-,  li,in. 


I-K 


i-i-r  KiM-r,  .liter  lieliou,  liin:;  I 


lainoii  Ilinmu'h  ulii,  h  ii   ,,:,-„.,  |„.h,.|-m   the  .skai: 


r,im  the 


tifviiiiies  al  one 


mouil 


k-posUini:  -Ueam  .il  .t  poini 


.unu-roUs  dars 


it  ami  Co.i-i  rani,'.-s, 
nearly  loo  iniU-s  from  iN 


rieeiitl>-,  alT,ir<ted  a!!u\  i.il   i!,>l,|. 


ol  t;ra\e!  and  -and.  -.vhiih  I 


Helow  th 


Is.  nuinv    isl.itiiis  of  ^jh 


river.  v,|,iieonl.,.ihs,.|e.sil.,o,i-piainsar,  ,l,jil,iye,|      Th,-- 


!a\e  loriiii-riv,  ai),l 

seen.  (-pe,.  iall\-  alxni 

I  'ir  ill  ilif  rhaiinel  ,,f  ilu 


I.I  11 V 


K^i5:*3 


12 


llli:   CMII  ni.V   (IF   \\S(iil  \l  k    AMI   MCIMIV 


ti(ilc"(irthy  on  the  sciuth  ^iili- of  tlu-  ri\tr,  whert'  thf  Chilliwack,  .Miit-(|ui, 
;iii(l  Lanijli'V  piairit-  iLirni-h  fxli-n-i\t.'  arca>  of  lam!,  whiili,  protcited 
from  flo(i(l>  hy  a  sy>lc'm  of  "liki-,  ha\i-  provrd  of  hiuli  fertility.  Lowc-r 
down,  on  the  north  ~'\<[v.  the  I'itt  Meadow-,  already  nirnlioned,  have 
heen  fornie<l  liy  the  sillin>;  up  of  the  shallow  southern  end  of  I'ill  Lake,  a 
liorti  like  loeh  whii  h,  when  ihe  -ea  -.tood  at  a  -.omewhal  hi'^'her  lc\el  than 
at  present,  wa^  in  re.ilit>-  a  lior  1  exteiidin'^  northward  from  the  I'ra-er 
e-tuarv  as  the  North  Arm  doe>  from  Hurrard  Inlet.  On  the  -oulh  -ide 
of  the  ri\er  a  narrower  flood-iilain  extends  -till  farther  downstream  and 
is  oreupied  hy  the  town  -ite-  of  Tort  Mann  ami  .South  Westminster. 
It  is  terminated  by  a  spur  ol  filatial  drift  and  stralitied  depo.-its  which 
projects  northwestward  to  the  main  channel  at  Annieville,  ju-t  helow 
New  \V'e-tniin>ter,  and  di\ides  the  tlo(»l-[ilain  from  the  heail  of  the 
modern  delta. 

On  the  north  -i<le  of  the  ri\er.  after  pa->inu  the  cut  tiank  of  Mary's 
Hill,  mother  llood-plain  al<oul  half  a  mile  in  maximum  width  extends 
from  the  C"o(|uitlani  River  to  the  mouth  of  Hrunette  Creek.  It  i-  partly 
occujiied  li\-  a  numher  of  sawmill-  and  other  indu-lrie-,  while  certain 
[)arts  of  it.,  surface  on  which  a  dejio-it  o!  i)eal  has  developed  are  now 
hein.i:  redaimed  hy  trenchinLj  for  agricultural  purpo-es. 

At  various  points  the  tlood-plaiiiN  are  interrupted  hy  elevations. 
Some  of  them  are  projections  of  the  underl\inL;  rock  .,  either  the  (granitic 
rocks  of  the  Coast  Batholith  or  the  >edimentary  strata  of  the  I'uiiet 
formation,  as  at  Mat>f|ui;  and  -ome  i>f  them  are  llal-to|)peu  accumula- 
tion- of  alluvial  inateri:il,  a^  at  Laniilev.  deposited  when  the  land  was 
relativelv  lowir  than  at  pre-eiil,  and  the  ilepo-iled  -and-  and  irravels 
attained  a  level  ahout  coincident  with  ihe  r.ie.in  hei'.:hl  of  the  water 
surface.  In  other  places  there  are  ilriftdiills  which  were  truncated  or 
terraced  liy  wave-action.  'Ihe  northern  shore  line  of  the  former  e-tuary 
ju-t  north  of  the  Fraser  is  marke<l  liv  numerou>  well-detined  terrace-, 
with  their  accompanyini,  beach  deposit-,  a-  at  .Mi— ion  Junction  (42  miles 
ea-t  of  \'ancou\eri.     (See  table,  jia^'e  04- > 

The  tiiles  .-till  affect  the  flow  of  the  river  a-  far  uji^treani  a>  Lanuley, 
a  di-iance  of  over  so  miles  from  the  mouth,  a. id  al-o  the  waters  of  I'itt 
River  and  Lake.  The  arresting  of  the  current  in  this  part  of  the  river 
iwiceilailv  has  nodouin  operated  etTecti'.ely  to  increase  the  <le|)()sition  of 
-ilt-  in  -uch  areas  as  I'itt  .Meadow  -,  u  hile  tin-  heavy  -cour  due  to  its  r.ipid 
eb!)  has  doubtless  contributed  to  the  deepenin,:;  of  the  channels.  That 
.  if  the  I'Vaser  at  New  Westmin-ler  iiridi;e  ha-  more  than  70  feel  of  water. 
Ihe  apex  of  the  delta  i-  op]io-ile  the  i.it\  of  New  WestniMi-ter,  while 
'ts  fr>int  lie-  I ,  mile.-  we-lwanl  ami  extends  from  the  headland  of  Point 


DliSCKIPriDN"    UF    MAPPED    \RF.\ 


I? 


(.rev  in  a  sinuous  line  S.  20^  K.  to  Point  Roberts,  a  distance  of  aboul  17 
miles.  The  Fraser  traverses  il  by  two  principal  disiributaries,  of  which 
the  southern  is  the  larjier.  The  northern  arm  Hows  close  to  the  southern 
.■>iiie  oi  the  BurranI  Peninsula  riilt;e,  at  the  foot  of  which  are  a  few  tlat 
areas  which  properly  beloni:  to  the  delta.  In  and  between  the  distribu- 
taries arc  some  forty-live  :^lands.  of  which  the  larijest  is  Lulu  NIand. 
Sea,  Westham,  and  .\nnacis  islands  are  also  of  considerable  size. 

A  large  i)art  of  the  delta  lies  to  the  south  of  the  main  channel  an<i 
extends  seaward  from  the  we':UTn  face  of  the  Surrev  terrace.  Its 
southwestern  mar«in  projects  southward  as  far  a.s  the  former  island  of 
Point  Roberts,  which  it  has  thus  connected  with  the  mainlan<l  bv  a  wide 
spit,  forming  at  the  same  time  a  shallow  bay  to  the  east  of  the  point, 
known  as  Boundary  Bay. 

The  delta  is  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  areas  in  the  province.  .-X 
considerable  [lart  of  the  ui)per  end  of  Lulu  Island  is  covered  with  peat. 
Tile  depth  of  the  delta  deposit  at  its  seaward  edge  is  unknown  to  the 
writer. 

The  level  of  the  delta  lands  is  little,  if  at  all.  above  mean  high  tide, 
and  they  have  been  diked  against  the  higher  spring  tides. 

In  front  of  the  unsubmerged  jiortion  of  the  delta  '  submarine  delta 
terrace,  known  locally  as  the  "  sunfl-heads."  extend^  som.e  5  miles  sea- 
ward, and  its  front  describes  roughly  an  arc  of  some  120"  extending  from 
Point  Grey  to  Point  Roberts.'  The  navigable  channel  which  extends 
across  them  has  shown  some  tendency  to  shift  its  position,  and  it  is 
projwsed  to  I'l.x  it  i)ermanently  by  the  construction  of  jetties  across  the 
banks,  between  which  the  scour  of  the  current  would  be  -^utlu  lent  to 
n-aintain  a  channel  for  shijjs.  The  sanddiead,  are  largelv  bare  at  low 
tide. 

Besides  the  sanddieads,  which  are  divided  by  the  main  channel  into 
the  Roberts  and  Sturgeon  banks,  a  submerged  terrace  known  as  the 
S[)anish  Bank  lies  on  the  north  side  of  Point  (Irey.  Pn)bably  it  is  to  be 
Considered  as  larg<'ly  forme(|  by  the  wave-cutting  of  the  <ie[)Osits  which 
form  the  end  of  the  Burrard  Peninsula.  It  is  i)robable  also  that  a  con- 
siderable [lart  of  the  Sturgeon  Bank,  which  lies  below  the  clilTs  on  the 
south  side  of  Point  Grey,  is  of  similar  origin.  On  each  side  a  bowlder 
pavement  in  front  of  the  clilTs  is  succeeded  farther  out  by  (le[K)sits 
coni[)osed  of  tiner  materials  carried  out  by  the  undertow. 

Lxtending  from  the  northeast  corner  of  Boundary  Bav  to  the  Praser 
River  near  Barnston  Island  is  a  trough  floored  by  alluvial  deposit,  which 
is  drained  liy  the  Serpentine  and  Nikomeki  rivers.     The.Te  are  small  tidal 

'  ^fu  U.  I-:.  LiKoy,  Cul.  S.^n.  Caihiii.i.  Puhlii.ilion  •^^■6. 


f 


M 


I  III      (.1  III  II, ,V    111     \  \\i 


\  I  K     \\il    \  iilNlIS 


-tri;ini^  which  llmv  inln  liiiiinil,ir\  i!av.  I'hirr  i>  iiu  ilnuiil  ihal  t'li-; 
\.illr\.  .\t  .1  ( i,,ii|i:irall\(  l\-  lati-  jicrii"!.  ah^  iniiijiidl  li\'  a  ili-lrilnitarv 
(il  the  l-'ra-tr.  Ii  i•^  nl  ci  niinniii  iniiKirl.irii  •  it  prc't-iit  a-  lunii-hin'j  an 
fX((lltnl  railruail  ruiitr  lulutrii  ihr  l'ra~iT  \ailc\'anil  llii'  (''ra^fr  I>t-Iia, 
am!  tiir  auriiullural  piirpn-c-. 

;,  '//;(■  Sifniv  lirr^h  i  To  ihc  -milh  nl  ihi'  l''ra-(  r.  ii])|)0~itt'  'ho 
ca^lrrn  iivl  nl  ihv  liurrarii  l'inin-ii!a.  lii->  a  llat-lu)ijiv<i  area  uhirh  r'-ts 
siimc  .'  ;o  cir  iiinrr  lf<l  aliii'.\  I  !if  -urniiniihiiL:  lirlta  laml^  arvl  llnoil-plain-. 
It-  (iiiTicii-jiiii-  arc  rciuL!hl\  ;  niih  -  liv  S.  ami  it-  loiiL'tT  axi-  lie-  in  an  t'a-t- 
ndrthca-i  (hni  limi  trimi  il-  -nulhwc-tfrn  fxtrcniitv.  It  i-  Ijouivifl  I'n 
all  -iilc-  liv  -tfcji  -l(i|)i  -  wliii  h  t'\hiliit  in  many  ])lai.f-  river-  or  wa.c-i  lit 
Icrraic-.  ami  con-i-^t-  of  (jclla-likc  ilcpo-il-  oxcrlaid  liv  a  thin  -ht-t-t  of 
till.  Till'  nio-l  iioliicaMf  feature  of  tlii-  are.i  i-  the  exirenie  le\elne-s 
o!  it-  upper  -urlaie,  \arieil  lure  au'l  there  li\'  a  few  (  hanneMike  depre-- 
-ion- ot  -hallo\\  ileplh,  exeept  whire  ili--ertei|  liy  recent  ra\ine-.  The 
till  >hect.  whi(  h  i-  u-ually  from  ;  to  ^  feet  in  thickne--,  has  proiiuced  little 
variation  in  the  lla'  -  of  the  lo].oL;raphy.  The  -urfacc  i-  -till  larL'ely 
fore-teil,  liul  where  ileareil  the  ueulhereil  til!  ha-  heen  foumi  to  atTord 
excellent  -oil  I'or  fruit  culture. 

Accordiiii;  to  I.eKov,'  Poinl  Koliert-,  at  the  -outhwe-t  extremity  of 
the  l-ra-er  l»e!ta.  lieloni;-  irenetii  all>-  to  tlie  -ante  tvjie  a-  the  Surrev 
terrace  and  thi-  we-tern  end  of  Point  (Jrey.  The  Surrey  terrace  and 
I'oint  Rolxrt-  are  now  coiinectec    liy  the  depo-it-  of  the  recent  delta. 

4.  '/'//(■  hiDDidary  iiviiai.nii  aria.  To  the  south  of  the  .Serjientine- 
Nikomeki  \alley  the  land  ri-es  ai^ain  to  a  height  of  400  or  500  feet,  tiic 
npj)er  surface  lieim;  -oniewliat  irreL'uiar.  The  norlhern  part  of  this  area 
I-  po-sjhly  underlaid  liy  depo-it-  -imilar  to  those  of  the  Surrey  terrace, 
I'Ut  ihe-e  are  immediatel\-  -uiceeded  to  the  souih  liy  a  hea\_\-  morainic 
depo-it,  which  jiroliahi)-  mark-  the  -outhern  boundary  of  the  interi^laclal 
Fraser  estuary.  Wa\e-action  on  the  ta-tern  side  of  Bounilary  Bay, 
alonir  which  this  area  lies,  ha-  t  ut  a  -ea  clilT  some  200  feet  in  hei;;ht  in 
which  a  section  of  the  X'ashon  and  .\ilmiralty  tills  ipp,  .Sj  ff.  1  and  inter- 
niediate  -Iralified  depo-its  i-  uell  e\po-ed. 


11.       nil.    nil, 111  \M)   si  CIliiS 

\s  alreaiK-  -latccl,  the  reirion  north  of  Hurrard  Inlet  and  the  I'ra-er 
\;illiv  is  p.irt  of  the  southern  portion  of  ihe  t'oa-1  Ran^'e  of  f^riti-h 
('olumi)ia.  The  niar.L'in  of  ihe  ranue  whii  h  face-  the  Pac  inc  has  thrc)u;:h- 
out  mo-t  of  it-  length  a  norlhwe-t  trend.  Iiul  at  the  -ciuthern  end  of  the 

'  ().  v..  l.iKiiy,  op.  III.,  p.  >. 


!>!.  ikii'i  |.i\  or  Ni  M'i'i.i)    \!;i:  \ 


r:in.:;r  it  ;ilti-r-  In  an  t:i-t-aiiil-ui'~l  'lircuion.  and  lollnv,  -  thai  Ncirin:,' 
alon.^  ihi'  nurlh  -i«li'  m'  Kurranl  IiiKl  ari'l  ihc  Kra-ir  \'ail  -y  It-  margin 
lurt',  a-  fKcAhcn-,  i■^  ili\i.|cil  inio  luiiiicniU'-  ~|)urs  hv  ^r'ai  ialcd  \allf\s 
el  wir\  iiiL'  'iiplii.  -(inu-  III'  tiKiil  ii.ii-i(lfral)ly  bflow  -ca-lfN  el.  othiT-i 
al)(i\i'  it.  Ihc  (lirc-ctiiiii  (if  lhi-~(_-  \al|(\-  i-  ric-lli  and  xnilli,  c,r  r(i;iL.'hlv 
iiiTpviKliiular  ti>  Hiirrard  liiU-l.  Iktwicn  the  vail. a-  tin-  i  rc-i  iiiu-  .if 
ni.i-t  ..I  tlu'  -inir'-  r\-c  frmii  tin-  l.iv.laii.j-,  in  u't-ntlc  r— u;iiiiali-  c  is 
uh.i-.- -tic|it-t  --l.iiR-ar.'-.-ld.ini  ni.irc  tlian  i.S^fr.ini  the  h.iri/.mtal.  svhilc 
the  a\(.'ra,;ji'  is  n.it  aliow  i.'\  anil  in  >.)niL'  ra->is  as  U,\v  as  7°  or  ,S^  At 
ik'\ati.in~  xarvini;  from  ^,000  to  ;,.Soo  feet  thi-  risini:  pr.ililcs  art-  inter- 
riiiiii.l  I.y  a  -et  of  nx  k-cut  tcrracf>  with  h.iri/,.>ntal  or  very  ijcntU-  -Lipin'^^ 
tops  many  .if  them  a  mik-  or  m.ir.'  in  width.  Iieyond  uhiih  the  mo-t 
-mithirl>-  peaks. if  the  ranu'e  ri-e  Mime  what  ahruptlv  to  an  altitude  which 
|ilacc-  them  n.ar  the  c.intinuation  of  the  general  curve  .if  the  |iroiile. 
N'orlhward,  toward  the  heart  .if  the  ran^e.  the  summits  show  a  continued 
L'c-neral  anordance.  The  surface  in  which,  speakinj;  in  .general  term-, 
aey  may  lie  said  t.i  lie  flattens  as  an  elevati.m  of  ah.iut  S.odo  feet  is 
ipiimaihe.l.  and  continue^  nearl\-  h.iri/oiUal  for  s.mie  .li>tance  across 
the  .enter  of  the  ranpe.  This  surf  ice  is  interpreted  as  an  upwarped 
jieneplain.  i>>ee  chajiler  xi.  pa,i:e  oh. )  A  few  peak--  rise  ah.ive  the  gen- 
eral iesel.  Aii.oni:  them  in  this  reL'inn  is  the  \'.ilcanic  one  .if  M.junt 
(iariiialdi,  8,700  feel  in  altitude. 

-Many  of  the  summits  themselves  are  very  sharp  ■'horn-,"  shajie.l  hy 
(Iii|ue  cuttini;,  while  .nhers  are  l]at-t.ip[)e.l.  Fielow  them  are  e\en- 
t.ipped  connectini;  ridi;es  and  siiurs,  which  also  are  acc.irdant,  an.l  i.ini^ 
concave  slopes,  .Mime  .if  them  terraced,  .iescendinj;  at  low  anules  thr.iufih 
vertical  distances  as  preai  as  ^ooo  feet  in  some  cases.  Helow  these 
riilL'es  an.l  slopes  are  prof.iund  steep-sided  valleys  .if  the  canvon  tyjie, 
ill  -.line  ca-es  m.ire  than  4,000  feet  deep,  whose  li.ittonis  have,  as  a  rule, 
lieen  well  ounded  by  valley  j;laciers.  .Man\-  .if  their  sl.ipes  near  the 
upjier  limit  .)f  the  ice  reach  an  an.Lde  .if  50^  In  the  lioltoms  .,1  the 
1,'laciale.l  \alleys  jiostsila.  iai  erosi.m  has  pr.iduced  youn.i,'  steep-~i.le.i 
vans'ons  who»e  de[)th  may  reach  400  feet. 

The  even-lopped  ridpcs  an.l  gently  c.mcave  sl.ipes  hel.iw  the  sum- 
mits, w  hen  traced  to  the  margin  .)f  the  ranue,  «ra.le  d.iwn  l.i  the  rock  ul 
terraces  already  me.'l'one.l  as  in.lenlini;  the  pr.itlle  of  the  marL'inal  spurs. 
I  he  general  elevati.m  >'f  the  llat  surface-  increases  j;raduallv  from  ^''^oo 
leet  at  'he  s.iuthcrn  marj;in  of  the  ran^ze  to  s.joo  feet  and  .i\er  at  the 
HIack  Tusk  Mountain,  some  40  miles  t.)  the  north.  These  t;entler  upper 
-lop.-  and  llai-to|ipe.l  ri.ljzes  have  been  interpreted  as  the  remainin;^ 


i' 
.0 


i 


Tin,    r.roI.Ol.V    l)F    \  ANCDl  VIK     \M)   MClMrV 


siirfaros  of  maturely  (lfvcln|H.I  alleys  wliicii  were  cut  below  the  summit 
level,  after  a  period  of  upwarp  wiiich  followe'l  an  earlier  planation.  The 
sta;;e  of  u]ilift  anil  erosion  whieh  is  representeii  by  a  similar  set  of  topo- 
^.-raphii  feature^  in  the  Cascaile  Mountairis  of  central  Washington  has 
been  (alleil  the  ICntiat,  from  the  basin  of  the  Kntial  Riser,  where  it  is 
well  recorded.'  In  the  Coa>t  Ran;,'e  ret'ion  of  British  Columbia  the 
l-intial  (  ■'I  surfaces  ha\c  been  moditied,  Iir^t  by  a  ;,'eneral  mo\ement  of 
overridinu'  ice,  and  secondly  durintr  later  >tai;es  of  glacial  ion  by  local 
glaciers,  which  remain  on  the  upfier  slojjcs  even  down  to  the  |)re.>ent  time 
and  have  developed  cir(|ucs  to  >uch  an  extent  that  many  of  the  original 
ridijes  are  re[)resented  only  b\-  knife-edf,'e  iluides  [)rojectin>,'  between 
adjoinins  neves.  Where  abandoned  by  their  t;laciers  many  of  these 
( ir(|ues  are  merely  shallow  saucer-like  depres^ions  with  slopini;  bottoms. 
In  other  cases  they  ha\e  iieen  excavated  deeply  enou>;h  to  form  rock 
basins  which  contain  -^mall  lake-. 

.■\  periocj  of  ca-iyon-cuttin^'  followed  the  ele\ation  of  the  land  sub- 
sequent to  the  de\elopment  of  the  wide  Kntial  valley  tloors.  To  this 
staf»e  the  name  Twis])  has  been  apjjlied  by  Smith  an<l  Willis,'  and  the 
later  modification  of  the  cansons  by  valley  f;laciers  has  been  designated 
the  Chelan  siai,'e.  The  Coidilleran  ice  sheet  did  not  cover  the  ent 
Lake  Chelan  re,'.;ion.  but  in  the  Vancouver  region  the  ranjie  seems 
ha\e  been  covered  by  a  nearly  continuous  ice  sheet.  abo\e  which  only 
the  higher  peaks  j)rojected.  The  later  valley  glaciers  were  [)hases  in 
the  recession  of  the  ice  sheet,  and  their  etTect  on  the  valley^  ha■^  therefore 
i)een  somewhat  dilTerent  from  that  in  the  region  farther  south.  There 
are  \alleys  who>e  ujiper  .-.lopes  are  parts  of  a  V->haped  cross-section, 
while  the  bottoms  are  well  rounded;  there  are  others  whose  cross-sections 
a[>pear  to  lie  made  up  of  two  U-shaiu'd  \alleys,  one  within  the  other; 
and  there  are  still  others  which  are  -imjily  U--haped.  Lateral  cirques 
which  contained  lobes  of  the  \alle\-  glacier  are  common.  Some  of  the 
valleys  which  were  transverse  to  the  ice  nio\ement  show  comparatively 
little  rounding,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  were  occupied  by  stagnant  or 
nearly  stagnant  ice  during  the  ma.ximum  glaciation  and  e:-caped  the 
effects  of  jirolonged  \alley  glaciation  during  the  recessional  stages. 

X'alleys  of  the  'I'wis])  and  Chelan  >tages,  many  of  which  extend  below 
tidewater,  form  the  liord>  which  are  .x)  prominent  a  feature  of  the  coast. 

The  [(criod  of  the  postglacial  ero>ion,  mainly  removal  of  drift,  has 
been  designated  by  the  name  Stehekin  in  the  Lake  Chelan  country,  and 

■  (;.  O.  .Smith  ami  liaiK-y  Willi-,  '..S.  G,vl.  .Swr...  I'rof.-^ionjl  I'jpr  ly. 
'  Ibid. 


#.li 


3 


DKSCRIPTION    OF    M APPKO    \KI   X 


17 


is  rcpresenu-d  in  the  C(i;i>t  Kanu'c  In-  Mmilar  tVatur.s.  and  also  In-  rock- 
cut  canyons  and  the  huil.linK  <>1'  deltas  at  the  mouths  of  streams.  It 
has  also  been  a  period  of  considerahle  ui)lifi.  The  .-videnrt-  ..f  this 
consists  of  raised  deltas  and  wave-iut  lerraa-s  in  the  drift  aloni^  the 
margin  of  the  highland  and  in  the  lowland  area^,     The  live  di^iinit 

DiagrammaUc   Crosi-Stcl i oni  of  l^j//e/5. 


^  iff^e  4i/r 


less  hi,jhir  uf>  the.     va/i.^y. 


^  "  t  I  a  r 


Z    7^e    iVjr,'f7  ,-Jr/ri,  riear  ni,  ^ 


Casf/e  Toilers 


"ST fie  lonver  CtiCd H ,.rmous    V^^J/ey. 

Ki.;.  .- 


I 


■A 


stages  of  i.iiysio;:raphic  development  reco-nized  in  the  Cascades  of 
Wa>hin.i,'ton  may  therefore  he  provisionally  correlated  with  those  of  the 
Coast  Ranse  of  British  Columbia.  They  may  he  recapitulated  as 
follows: 

i.^Methow  peneplain:  represented  by  accordant  summits,  or  ter- 
races below  summits  which  stwd  above  the  j.eneplain  as  monadnocks. 

-'.  Entiat  sta.ne:  represented  by  the  mature  vallcvs  (levelojjed  in  the 
uj)\varpe(i  Methow  surface. 


iS 


I  III      (.Inl.iii.N     III     \   \\(  .  il   \  1  K      \Ml    \  I'   IM  ; 


;  Tui-p  -l.iL'r:  'ii<'  linif  nl  tin  lUltin:;  ol'  ilnp  V  -h.ipril  i,ii'.yii|i-i 
1  (L.A  ilu-  Im.miI  i:tiii;ii  \:ill(\  liiinr-,  afirr  tin-  u|ilin  nf  llu-  Litlrr 

)  Clirlan  -i:i'_'c:  I  lie  lime  of  u'lai  ialimi,  with  il- atu-ii<ianl  inoililica- 
tmn-  III  |irr\  iiiii-  |ii|niL'ra|ili\ .  I  lii-c  mmliln  atiim-  urrc  i;rcah-t  in  the 
'l\i.i-|)  I  ,m\  iiii- 

5,  Sl(lukin  -lam-:  n  |iri-rntiii  li\  '.;'  ihc  |Hi-.i:;lai  ial  -tri-ari  luttiny 
in  ilriil  iir  In  1  Inn  k,  1/) '  liy  Itrrau-.  anil  ii  1  li\  ilrlla  'lr|i()-il- . 

\  lurlln  r  iii->(  u-^inn  nl  llir  nriLliii  aiii|  airr  nl  llu^i-  tii|>"jra(ilin  li.i- 
lur(-  anil  lluir  i  (irnlaliuti  uill  In-  loinnl  in  (luiplir  \i  mi  '  I'hvsio- 
t;r.i|iliir  anil  dlai  iai  Ili-liir\.' 

Within  ihc  area -tuilidl  in  iliiail  llur<- an- I  lim- prim  i|)al  mountain 
-|inr--.  line  -ulmnlinati-  ~|nir.  an^l  tin-  vallfS--  ul  llu'  Capilano,  l.ynn,  and 
Scvnii.iir  inck-.  uliiih  -rparatc  lluin  I'lu-f  v;illr\->  arc  (■•--fntiall)' 
tlu-  -am.  ir,  l\pi'  a-  ilm-c  ul  llu-  tinr.!-  nl'  llnuf  Siiumi  ami  the  North 
Arm  whuh  llank  the  ana  mi  the  ui-t  ami  <a-t,  nr  a-  tin-  \allfys  of 
C.iiiuitlam,  i'itt,  Ma\i-,  ur  llarri-oii  lake-  larlhcr  ca-t  aloiii:  the  -.onthfrn 
niarixin  of  tlii'  raiiL'i-.  All  oi  llir-c  i\n|it  that  of  Coquitlani  I  ikf  have 
a  (mi-iilcralilr  ilrplh  lnlin\  -rale,  il,  ainl  all  arc  lit-i-pi-r  in  their  i-.niille  or 
upper  reaelie-  than  near  tlu'ir  nimitli-.  In  the  time  inimeilialel\'  loljou- 
iiiL'  the  reie>-iiin  oi  the  ii  e  llu  -aine  thini,'  ua-  true  of  the  \alley>  of  the 
Capilano,  l,\im,  ami  Se\miiur,  I  he\'  at  lir-1  (ontaineil  lionl-.  which 
'.:a\eplaie  ti  laki- a-  uplift  pro;4re--eil,  ami  the-e  were  later  ijraineii  liv 
the  eutlini;  nf  po-.ti;laeial  ean\dn-  throu;;h  the  nx  k  anil  ilrift  barrier- 
uhidi  retaine<l  their  water-.  I'lu'  e\i-tenie  of  ihi'-e  harrier-  of  rock 
near  the  moulh-  of  the  \alle\-  -eem-  to  he  cminecteil  with  tlie  -hallow- 
ing' ami  latiral  -preailinu'  of  the  u  r  -trt-am  a-  it  eiiieri;!'!  from  the 
(onl'iiitr.:  \aile\  wall-  luar  the  maru'ln  <if  the  ratine,  'I'lie  pre--ure 
o"  the  L'lai  ier  nn  il-  hid  wa-  in  iim-ei|Ueme  le--.  aiii  ero-imi  wa- 
le— powerful  ill. Ill  in  Ihe  narrower  ami  hi'_'lier->\ ailed  p.'irt-  of  the 
\,llle\.  .\-  llu  'jl.u  ier  reieilnl  fruui  ihe  liiwlaiul  into  ibe  mountain 
\alle\"  il-  trmii  pro!i,i!ii\-  re-ted  for  -ome  lime  aL'ain-i  ihe  roek\' 
nli-lrui  Hull,  \'  nil  llii'  re-ull  tii.i!  an  iinu-ual  amminl  oi  miirainie  depoMl 
u  a-  left   llieri', 

Ihe  mn-I  wr-h  rl\'  -pur.  liuit  vhii  h  -land-  lHi\^el■n  Howe  ."^i  luml  and 
ihe  Capilano  \'a!ley.  ha-  a  llallopned  -oullurly  e\len-ioii  known  a- 
lloiKliurn  kidu'e,  while  the  '  .MiiImu"  -ummil-  uliich  -Uiiicd  e.u  h 
III  her  aloni;  ii- 1  re-l  an',  in  order,  trom  -oiilli  lo  norlh,  lilac'.  Mounlain 
i  j.joo  feel  I,  .Mount  .Strahan  i.ooo  fetl'.  Ihe  Lion-  15.S00  feet  1,  and 
.Mount  liruii-wick  ( s.tioo  feet  1.  Two  of  ihe-e  -ummil-  are  composed 
of    i'aleo.'.oi(    roof   pendant-     .Mount    Mr.ih.in   of    lexadan   mIii.-I.  and 


0 

0 


I 


7 


Af  ''^  rpi'ANAAj 


%4- 


wf  4^*'  '  *"• 


■■  '>;■-: 


..^^  «»*^ 


V*iw* 


> 


.  „ « ly  * 


"  O   t  i.   V   »   '^ 


#-^^ 


\ 


•^ 


#^'    -■- 


TOROQRAf^HY 
B.C. 


n  A  y 


•  " 


•v^^i^^- 


i-^ij 


<: 


\ 


"N 


iy    t 


^U<^ 


/'^ 


t^'-t. 


L  ^  G  r'\    -^ 


►" 


1^ 

,v<?/t"  4V'//A'«< 


^  L 


]  ^■rrt\]t!e  t'ittat 


j^M  5teheh(/i 

^flfSiy^^<lp1'C  Coloring  ty 

C  /V  Bursas ^ 


1* 


^t.^' 
n 


Y\ 


A'^/l/t/^T^ 


4r 


f' 


<0 


hv 


C  /  r  >^     o^ 


Jf> 


•# 


?/ 


vtt^caKj^r  * 


•^     /?     -V     >J      K     o 


X 


--/ 


/t:      7- 


I 


HI  ■.(  HII'I  MS    111      M  M'I'I   |i     \f  I    \ 


fO 


^l    111. I    Hruii-uiiL  III   llnl.iMMi.i  -l.ili'-.  .iii'l  iiu.irl/il 


ili\  rill  - 


I  111'    ulllrr- 


,irr  I  <iiii|>ii 


>l    till 


utii  mlfrlii'Mi'it 
I'   >lH>n>i'  (it    llii 


(  >>.i-t  liathiililh       I  h 


f  1  liiincc  lin;4  ri'lm'  iiilcrvtnmK  lnl  «i  in  I  lit 


hi;;!.: 


iiiiiniiN  Iniiii  Miiiinl  Mr.'li.tii  In  Mmiiil  liitiiiiHiiK  li.tvc  l:>  HI  i.iljs  \tr^ 

iiirriiw  trt'-<t>,  «liiih  ilmp  ,iliru|ill\    iiiln  l.iri^c-  <  iniiic^  nn  ritlur   -nlr. 

hi    1  in|iics  arc'  -i|iaraliil  al   iiil(r\ai     i)\    >|iiir-.  «hci-c  in-l^  .iv  aUu 


II 


11- 


■I    I  Mr   riili-'r    i^ 


<l    lull 


'UlMinliiiatc   -iinimil^. 


I ra It'll  liv  Iriiuyli  \alli  \ «.  some  ol  uhii  li  lia\f  liri'ti  r  iiiliTiil  U  -lia|Ki 


Ia   ll 


U-  II  »•  w 


hill 


I.  al  ill  iiia\imum.  i  ni-M'il  ilir  -niir  iliaL;im.ilK 


I  111-  (fiilriil  s|nir  Ijrs  lirtwiin  ('ap'laini  ami  Siyiiunir  iii-rk-  ami  i- 
iilurialfil  liy  ilic  \alli'V  nl  I,\mii  (rtik.  ulmx'  luailualiTs  i\Uiii|  >iiiiir 
)  iiiilr-  from  liili-walir. 


111 


(•  wisltrn 


fork 


or 


ulMirilinali'  ■.inir  tia^  a 


I'lali  aulikf  li-rraif  al  j.Soo  ftrl,  iinriu  il.ali'U-  riorlli  ot  uliuli  i^  ilu- 
siiiiitiiil  of  (iroiisc  Mouiil.iln  (4,.'oo  li-cl ),  lollowiil  al  -liorl  inlcrvaU 
iiorlli.vanl  hy  haiii  Mouniaiii  (4.ioo  ft-tl  t  ami  (ioai  Moiinlain  (4,700 
fell  1.  Kxiiiiiliiii;  fa-.!  ami  ui^i  iroin  (Joal  Mounlaiii  are  lypiial  llai- 
to|i|n'il  llniiat  I  ')  >|Hirs  al  an  rlivai 


ion  1  oii'-iiitTaoK'  iii'iiuN 


(• 


Ilu- 
.Mountain,  uhuh  lii-s  Ininu'iliaU-lv  nnrlli  ol  (ioal  .Mminu 


-unmiil. 


riM-  alioM-  llif  |)i-iR-|>laiti.  ll  i>  s.soo  fi-i-l  liii,'li  ami  i>  a  sharp  kniff-t-ijiii- 
of  j;ra:iiloii|  rot  k  wliiili  is  luinu  ra|>i<ll\-  i-nxlcil.  lis  ui-sU-rn  eml 
<lcsnni|s  hy  a  nuniluT  of  iirran-  like  steps. 


From  t'rouii  .Mouiuain  a 


fair  I 


y  e\en  loppeij  rnlLH 


as  I'alisailu 


Kidne,  exleiiils  in  a  iinrlheasli-rly   liireilion  lo  While  .Moiiiil 
l1al-Iop|ieil    suniniil    luis  ,11)    ele\alinii    of    s,.<oo   feel. 
While  Moiin    un  is  Cailu-ilra 


nil.  uiiose 


o  ilie  nor 


.\li 


unl.iin   (  s,-'<oo  fei-l  1. 


Iral  llir 


piir  sink 


lo  a  n 


ol   even  I  rest    line. 


kii|-je.      riiis  represents  ilu-   l-^nlial   st,i;,'e.      lis  ele\alioi 


ill    of 


eynml  C'alhe- 
as  Serpeiu.ne 
I    opposite  ihe 


lu-,iiK'. .iUts  ol   th 


e  east  arm 

ol  Sevni'iiir 


of  the  Capilai 


Ilu   hr,i.h\alei 

feel   III  ihe  ni-iuhliorhoi 


(■ 


no  Is  4,4^0  leei.  ami  louanl 
:-r  norlli.  il  rises  to  .ilioul  s.ooo 


ll   Ilu 


M 


ui.I.u, 


lAlemliii:;  soulhuar.l  from  While  Mountain  lielueeii  liu-  l,\iin  .tiul 
^eyn\oiir  i  reeks  is  a  small  spur  uln  se  lirokeii  i  n  st  line  rejireseiils  ilu- 


nil  s 


nil-  ol    It 


h 


reiliKlion  ilue  lo  ihe  kihral  erosjon  of  the  \alleys  on  e 

lornis  the  eastern  lork  of  ihe  Capilano  Seymour  spur  aiul  is  kiiouii  as 

l,\  nn  Kiilfje,      I  he  no-llirin  pari  ol  !.\  nn  kiil-je  is  1  oinpoM  il  in  it    upper 

pan  ol    I'exailaii  rm  k-.  wlmh  e\ii  n-l  imm  11  nuri h',M-si  «,iri|  ai  ro-s  tlu- 

1. 


yiin  \  alle\  aiul  ihe  i-asU  rii   -pur  of  (ioal   Mounl.iin  lo  the  Pip  .if  I'.ili- 


ki.lu'e 


he  unilerlyin.L;  lialluililh   is  exposed  011   the  west  sii|e  of 


I. 


vnii   Kiilire  near  lis  base  as   lar  iiorili  a- 


Ih 


e   Suayne  i  upper   mine- 


uhii  h  are  siUiaUil  ,11   iheionuut.      The  iiiiper  -urf.ueof  ilu    li,ii  lio'iili 


liii:  r,i,i)i.()i.,v  (IF  \AN(i)r\i.R  and  vuimiv 


;,'r;i(laally  ri-i's  to  the  top  (il   the  riil.m-,  the  M'Ulhtrii  part  ol'  whitli  i-; 
i(ini[)ii-(i|  whollv  of  ilioritf. 

Seymour  Rid^e,  which  oic  upie->the  area  liet.veen  Seymour  Creek 
and  the  Xcjrth  Arm  of  IJurrard  Inlet,  lia>  at  it^  southern  end  plateau- 
like  terrace--  at  ^,;oo,  i.S:;o,  and  4,050  fe-'t  re^pei  ti\el\-.  Small  lakes 
i>n  their  --urfaee-^  omipy  the  hoUonis  <il  ciniut  ^  cut  in  the  terrace  fronts. 
To  the  north  i^  I'unip  I'eak  (4,(100  feet',  followed  li\-  Mount  Sevmour 
(5,000  feet).  Beyond  this  the  ridue  is  lower  a--  far  as  Mouni  Hi^hop, 
whose  elevation  is  4,800  feet,  somewhat  lielow  Mount  Se\nioiir. 

lieyond  the  mapped  a'-ea  a  reconnaissance  was  tarrie'i  o\er  the 
(li\  ide  at  the  lieadwaters  of  Seymour  Creek,  and  thence  down  the  \alle\- 
of  Staumus  Creek  t(  the  head  of  Howe  Sound.  The  lake  in  which 
Seymour  Creek  oriL'inates  has  an  ele\ation  of  S-,iOO  feet,  and  the  Saw- 
Tooth  kanf;e,  at  no  j;reat  distance,  is  prohahly  at  least  6,000  feel  in 
cle\ation.  To  the  nortJK'ast  of  the  head  of  Howe  Sound  the  ranu'c 
reaches  the  heii^ht  of  8,400  feet  in  .Mount  .Mamijuani,  a  f;ranilic  nias>il 
which  is  overtopped,  within  this  region,  only  by  .Mount  (laribakli  (8,700 
feet  I,  a  volcanic  cone  of  Pleistocene  a;zc'- 

I'ollowini^  uj)  the  streams  of  the  mountain  area  above  the  can\'ons 
whi(h  tliey  ha\e  (ut  through  the  rock  and  drift  barriers  near  their 
niouth~,  their  channels  are  in  f,'eneral  shallow  cuts  in  the  drift  of  tlie 
U-shaped  \allc\-  bottom,  and  tliickly  --trewn  with  the  bowlders  derived 
from  it.  Near  the  head.s  of  the  valleys  steeper  gradients  and  dcc[)er 
drifl-cuts  are  niel  with.  The  gradient  of  the  Capilano  tor  the  tir>t  seven 
miles  from  its  mouth  is  about  70  feet  per  mile,  that  of  the  Sevmour  for 
the  t'lrst  twenty-one  miles  about  do  feet  per  mile.  The  gradient  of  the 
Seymour  in  the  u|)per  four  miles  of  its  cour>e  i>  about  500  feet  ])er  mile, 
and  in  the  la-e  of  tlie  lateral  tributaries  this  graiUenl  is  much  exceeded.' 

The  >li>ej)er  seition  of  the  .--tream  ])rotiles  toward  their  heads  consists, 
in  many  ca>es,  of  a  number  of  terrace-like  steps,  due  perhaps  to  the 
cutting  of  successive  cir(|ues  b\'  the  receding  \allev  glaciers,  to  the  con- 
lluence  of  tribulars'  glaciers  at  ihe  ])oint  where  the  dei'peninu  <iccurs,  or 
to  a  narrowing  of  the  valley.  The  edges  of  these  ste])s  ha\'e  in  man\- 
ca>es  been  notched  by  very  steep-sided  can\'ons;  in  others  the  strean)> 
cascade  o\er  them.  .\t  the  summit  of  the  pas-,  or  near  it  there  is  often 
a  le\el  nuadow-like  area,  where  the  stream  has  its  source  in  a  small  lake. 
The  SeNinour  is  a  ciise  of  thi--  kind,  and  there  the  pass  lies  between  moun- 
tainr-  uhidi  rise  con.~iderably  abo\e  it.  Others,  like  the  Lynn,  tlow  from 
'  Stream  ihii.i  uhiainctl  from  Ki  purl  nf  II  .;.'.  r  Rii:hls  />>.;  ■.■/;.  Otpjr'.mcnt  "f  Liiidi 


DKSCRIPllON    or    MAI'PKI)   AKi;,\ 


lakes  whirh  lie  in  >teep-si(ied  cirques,  many  hundrcil  feet  helow  the 
thin-edpefl  divides,  which  are  in  j;enerai  not  much  lower  than  the  summits 
on  either  side. 

The  heavy  preeipitalion  on  the  mountain  area  nourishes  a  hixuriain 
growth  of  Douglas  lir  tPietuIotsui^a  J(>Ui;lasi!)  and  ^iant  cedar  iTIiuja 
C!\'J"/Ml  up  to  about  s.ooo  feet.  .Above  this  the  character  of  the 
xeuetation  chanires,  and  the  forests  become  thinner,  pas^in;;  from  the 
Transition  zone  successively  throu;xh  the  Canadian  and  Hudsonian 
zones  of  vesetation  imtil  the  >novv  line  is  reached.  The  Fntiat  slojies 
are  in  general  thinly  atTorested  or  alpine  meadows  diversilied  by  clumps 
of  trees, 

The  Twisp  and  Chelan  features  of  the  topography  may  therefore 
be  said  to  include  the  chief  forest  areas.  The  mountain  region  here 
described  tinds  its  chief  economic  im|)ortance  as  a  source  of  water  supplv 
and  electric  [)ower  for  the  ciiies  of  the  lowland.  Many  of  the  F.ntiat 
uplands  furnish  broad  area>  where,  although  thick  forest  cover  is  absent, 
extreme  ra[)idity  of  run-off  is  somewhat  hindered  bs-  mosses,  heather, 
and  similar  vcKetation,  and  where  in  many  sheltered  i)laces  slowlv 
nu'ltint,'  snows  remain  throut;h  a  considerable  jjart  of  the  summer. 


■T  ■ 


C.       CI.l.M.XTK    .\NI)  CLlMXtlC   DA  1 A 

The  area  di-cussi-d  in  this  study  furni-hes  one  of  the  best  pos-iblc 
examples  of  the  elTct '  on  precipitation  of  a  mountain  range  interposed 
in  the  jiath  of  moisture-laden  winds  from  the  ocean.  The  followinp;  table 
comi>iled  for  [)oints  ranging  from  the  western  part  of  the  I'ra-er  Delta  to 
Cotjuitlam  Lake,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  region  and  well  up  in 
the  mountain  range,  will  serve  to  convey  the  facts  with  sufficient  clear- 
ness: 


0!i.;crvin>.-  ^loti-in 

Lailncr,  near  front  of  Fraser  Delta 
\aniouver  (Hurranl  Peniu.sula  ridge) 
C'oquithun  Lake 
.Vshcroft  .east  siile  of  Coa^t  Range) 


I'reuifiil.ilt.in  iji  \~n 
2ti  Si 


1  JO    Sj 

S  oo 


-More  detailed  information  as  to  preci|)italion  in  the  vicinity  of  Van- 
couver may  be  obtained  from  Table  I,  page  2:,  which  indicates  its 
distribution  throughout  the  year.'  The  months  which  have  the  greatest 
I'recipitation  are  November  and  January;  those  which  have  the  least, 
July  and  .Vugust. 

■(.'omparc  also  R- p.^rl  u/  WaUr  R:-hii  BrjKih.  D,,\ir!>ihiil  ,1;  Uu-h  (\ictoria), 
1.(14,  p.  H  .!(ill. 


ll 


'I'lCV  t>F   V.ANI.'I  \1  k     \\|i   \  II  IN!;'. 


I  MPERATlTil 


J.inii;iry 

I-"rlirilar\ 

M:irih 

April 

\I,iv 

hiiiV 

July 

Aui;ii»l 

Si|itiriilK  r 

Oitutur 

\ovi-mlii  r 

lifst-nilii  r 


4= 


\'t TillZ'.'  \T.ir 

Ili^Livl  U  iii|>rr,iliiri- 
l.'iAi>i  li  pi(.c  riitiiri' 


;f.  ti 

4'-' 

■1^'  ') 

41 

4-t  'J 

47 

4'^   O, 
tlO    J 

'•  4 


M 

^ 

^'' 

5 

4S 

0 

4i 

S 

40 

- 

^; 

i 

47  '' 
4-'  4 
40    I 


4,S  ,iS 


44 

'J 

>o 

(. 

:;(■ 

4 

5S 

7 

"; 

; 

M 

,> 

54 

.s 

5- 

4 

44 

> 

if. 

4 

\vkra<;k  hki  ■  [I'lr  \rinN 


k.iinl.ill 
Sn.iwi.ill 

l"l;il  |irnipil.:ti>i'i 
lirijiht  sun^iiiiic  ^liniirN  , 
iJ.ivs  witii  o'oi  i.r  niori- 
lion 


mi  n)i!iutv-i 
li  |irii  ipil.i- 


5''  I- 

0  :.i 

i."44  iS 
I  7; 


50  34 

Ml    70 


!.'■: 


5-04 

i;  4.S 


1.747  00 


li.        PiA    Vl 


Ml  \s->.  \'  \-s< 


yni^  M  I  HI  ,\M)  I'ki  t  !i'ir\ri<.N 


j.inu.iry 
It  l)rii.ir\ 
.Ma  nil 
April 
\l,i\ 
jiiiif 
July.  .  , 
.\u;;ust 
S(.piL-ml)cr 
Otiobtr 
\nvrniln  T 
I  imnilK  r 


Ml  >■; 

]'}  U1  !  K  ' 
1  I   Kb 


.50  ,? 

v'^  7 

4-  '> 

47  1 


do  o 


50  o 
41    4 


4,S   ij 


40 

44 
4') 


4" 
44 


.<-'  >> 

.;^  1 

44  4 

4-i  7 

S  -  7 

il  ') 

4'.  o 

4-  .; 

;(.  o 


Mniill.'y 


1  J  1 

14  '' 

l.S  o 

iS  1 

It)  o 

:o  1 


10  7 
<j  c 


."i.i 
.^•'^ 
(il 
71J 

hS 

CJO 

1)-' 


74 


H  h.5 

''  7" 

4  1,0 

.i  4^ 

s  (>c 

.^  -'-S 

1  ■'  s 

1  47 

.5  4'J 

.i  4''< 

10  0() 

7  S4 


^^      \n    ,.1 
1  ,,;r  I )..'., 


14 
1(1 
I'l 


.0 


(1. 


4- 


•    111.'  ilim.iti,    .l.il.i,   iir.ii-^s  ,illi.-i«i-<-  -..i,..,!,,.,:,  |,.v,-  l,i-,-ji    ,i,|,|,|„,l  by    Mr     I      -     II     ^r 
liniun  mftc(iru!i.LM-t  jt  \aiiu.u\er.  -unl  ij\   tin-  hinninion  .\leteur.>K>L'it;ii  nili..-  ..t    r,.r..iU'> 


l.uiuary 
1  1  liru.irv 
M.irch 
\(.ril 
\l,iy 
Iiini-    . 

\UKll-l 


Kll'i  |il\    nl     MAI'PI  n    .\K1,  \ 


r\i;i.i.  1  -c; 


l)IKM  1 1" 


I'avt 

i:.ist 

Ka>t 
K.ist 
W  t  -t 

\\\>t 

West 

\nrthut>t 
Ka>t 

i;a>t 


:%ast 


4  ')0 


4  8- 


'  Krpmt  of  tt'aler  Kii:hu  firiirtrh  i\  ii.tttriji.  n^M 


-1\I\1\KV    (iF    UIM)    FiiK    M.VR     1(;1I 


Niimln-r  of  uiniK  from-  - 


N. 


\vfra 


N.i; 


lumrlv 


i:. 


SI-: 


\.\v. 


axinumi  ve 


Iocit\ 


Clin 


I)    Xiu   Wfstminsti.r 


A\i  ra(;c  tcmiuTaturi- 

Jaiiuarv 

Julv 

Viar 
IliKhcit  tt'm(xTature. 
I.owot  tcniptraturo 
Kainfall 


vfa 


r.ilal 


prt\i(iilatio[i 


(.4  o 


i;0    4 


~4  50 


"4    1 
40   4^ 
c;0   4 


4»  4.5 


04 


T^MU:  II 


A.   \  I. 


iiikiv 


iwcst  temperature 


\vera){e  tem|)trature 

Highest  tem[KTature 

I. 

kainlall 

^rumfall 

I'l^tal  preripit.iiion 

l!ri);ht  Min^hine  (liiiur> 


48  ;() 
.Sq  5 
14   - 


.'4    10 


50  M 

Sg  S 


i   :o 


40  4i> 


^  40 

!(   ,S4 


24 


TIIK    CKOI.OCY   OF    V,\NCOl-Vr;K    AM)   VICINITY 

TMil.K   n-(  „.,/,„.„•,/ 
H.  I'rin.-k  Rc  pi  ki 


jap 

[4; 


Ayerjdf  tcrninraturi' 

HiRlicsI  li-minralurL- 

l.mvi'st  tcniiKniturc.- 

K.iinfall. 

Snowfall 

r.iial  |)rcii[iitalicin 


I'll ) 


4?  54 

Si  0 

\  o 

0.'  7-' 

lo.S   7  5 


4''  ro 

8?  o 

.S  o 

.^7  Q5 

.'O    ()0 
(JO    O.' 


45  ''7 
78  o 
4  o 

27       o 

I  JO  48 


C.     Kwii.Diips 


44  .U 

46  5- 

45  "J 

'W  5 

loi  0 

q8  8 

jO  :, 

-  18  0 

-18  8 

4  87 

II  s.) 

7  ^7 

.U  oo 

■8  75 

21,   Ss 

8  _i(, 

1,^  47 

y  D5 

:.-04  48 

i,8W)  48 

'.oil  54 

Avcragu  ti'mpfraturc 

Highest  tcmiicraturo 

l.owi>t  tcm(«raUiii' 

Rainfall, 

Snowfall 

Total  precipitation 

Brii,'ht  sunshine  (haursi 


A  peculiartty  of  the  io.vianil  area  which  applies  also  to  BurranJ 
Inlet,  and  appears  to  be  connected  with  the  [.roximitv  of  the  mountain. 
IS  the  notable  absence  of  hi«h  winds.  Storms  of  considerable  violence 
occur  on  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  while  only  moderate  or  gentle  winds  are 
experienced  at  X'ancouver  and  New  Westminster.  Though  \-ancouver 
i.s  in  the  latuu.le  of  prevailing  westerly  winds,  it  will  be  noted  that  during 
the  colaer  months  WancouNer  reconls  show  prevailing  easterh  winds 
lh,s  IS  no  doubt  a  local  e'Tect,  due  to  the  low  temperatures  .,n  the 
mountains,  which  is  of  the  nature  of  an  eddy,  .aused  by  the  snow-chilled 
air  of  the  mountains  rei.lacing  the  warmer  air  of  the  '.owlands  ■  The 
change  .mm  uesterly  to  eagerly  is  accompanied  bv  a  sharp  increase  in 
preci[)iiation  and  fog  (Table  I,  C,  |).  21,). 

Vancouver,  as  records  of  ten  years'  observations  >how,  has  an  abso- 
ute  temperature  range  of  about  go°'  (/  to  92^1,  and  an  annual  mean 
temperature  of  48°  (Table  I,  B,  j).  j::}. 

The  range  of  temperature  and  variation  in  ratio  of  >nowfall  to  rain- 
fall wuhm  the  mapped  area  is  of  course  large,  since  the  climate  as  a  whole 
varies  Irom  the  mild,  temperate  oceanic  climate  at  sea-level  to  a  subarctic 
Climate  on  the  higher  mountains. 


'  Local  monsoon. 


'  I'ahrcniicit. 


DKSCRIPriUN   OK    MAI'l'i;i)   AKi;\  25 

1  hi'  hJKh  i)recipitatiun  on  the  mountain  section  has  the  Kual  advan- 
la^e  of  [)ro\i(iinK  an  al)un(iant  and  pure  water  supjily  and  water-power 
which,  though  still  laueiy  undeveiopeii,  furni>hes  the  lities  of  the  low- 
lands with  cheap  electricity.  The  luxuriant  forest  growth  of  the  lower 
mountain  slopes  is  also  referalde  to  the  same  cause  and  to  equahle  temper- 
ature conditions,  and  the>e  combined  causes  arc  also  effective  in  Kivini; 
to  the  lowlands  of  the  Fraser  \'alley  a  hif;h  agricultural  \alue. 

Table  II  furni.-hes  comparative  data  for  Victoria  (Vancouver  I>land  1, 
Prince  Rui)erl  (northern  coast),  and  Kamloops  (interior  plateau  region).' 


PART  II 
GEOLOGY 


S;; 


ch.\ptf;r  III 

IIKI.I)   WOKK 

The  vicinity  of  Vancouver  had  been  visiteii  and  examined  hy  numer- 
ous Keologi;,ts  before  the  preparation  of  this  report,  and  the  r<Kk>,  espe- 
(ially  the  PuRet  formation,  had  been  re[)()rted  on  [)y  several  of  them. 
Richardson,  in  the  Report  <</  J'rof^ress  of  the  (kolo^ical  Sumy,  1876-77, 
L'ivcs  brief  notes  on  the  character  of  the  Tertiary  rociis  and  the  journal 
of  a  bore  which  was  made  to  prospect  for  coal  and  reached  a  de[)th  of 
4'if>  feet. 

Bauerman,inhisre[)ort<)n  the  forty-ninth  i)arallel  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,'  describes  the  country  from  Semiahmo  Bav  to  Sumas  Lake 
as  tiat  and  swampy  and  consisting  of  bowl.ler  clay  overlaid  with  coarse 
k'ra.els  in  broad  flat  terraces. 

In  1887  Mr.  Amos  Bowman  examined  the  region  from  the  inter- 
national boundary  to  Burrard  Inlet  with  a  view  to  the  discovery  of  coal. 
He  estimated  the  thickness  of  the  strata  exposed  on  Burrard  Peninsula 
at  ^,000  fee'.' 

With  the  exception  of  occasional  assays  of  samj)les  submitted  to  them 
the  Geological  Survey  did  no  further  work  on  this  field  until  iqoO,  but 
in  i8qo  G.  M.  Dawson  published  a  short  note  on  the  Puget  formation,' 
and  in  1806  Sir  J.  W.  Dawson  wrote  his  valuable  paper  on  the  fossil 
llora  contained  in  the  Pugct  beds.^ 

In  1906  O.  E.  LeRov  made  a  careful  reconnaissance  of  the  coast  line 
and  islands  from  the  international  boundary  to  the  north  of  Powell  River, 
with  especial  attention  to  economic  considerations,  and  his  rejwrt  ii.  at 
present  the  standard  authority  for  the  region.'^ 

Much  valuable  informal 'n  has  been  obtained  durim,'  the  last  few 
years  throujzh  the  elTorts  ol  British  Columbia  Mountaineering  Club, 
and  special  reference  should  be  made  to  the  papers  published  in  the 

'Grol.  SuTV.  Camuij.  i,S8;-,84,  |>.  10  IJ.  '/*/(/.,  i8S7-.s,s,  p.  (.(1  .\. 

'(;.  M.  Dawsiin.  .Im-T/..;// y()i,rH,j/,>/.V,;V«<c.  3(1  Ser.,  XXXIX  (iSijo),  i.So. 

'Sir  J.  W.  Dawson.  Trtinuuliuni  and  I'roarJin^s  of  llie  Roy.il  Siuiely  of  Cjri'iJj, 
iSij^.  \'ol.  I.  sec.  4.  pp.  137-51. 

■().  K.  I.eKoy.  Gfol.  Sun.  CjiKiJa.  PMiidlion  y^.  lyoS,  ■•Preliminary  Rc|xirt 
on  ;■.  Portion  of  the  .Main  t'oast  of  British  Columbia  and  .Vljaccnt  I.'.lunds,  Included 
in  New  Westminster  ami  Nanaimo  Districts." 


^9 


JO 


nil 


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nil     (IKOKH.Y   (IF   V.\S(i)|-VI  H    AND   VIclMlY 


11 


-.t 


Sotlhrrn  iorditlnan  l.y  C  J  ll.aiiy  on  '  Tlir  r.,|,uL;r.ii)hv  of  ihf  Van- 
(oiiv.r  .,r  Urilaniiia  KatiKt-  '  an.l  l,>  J.  I'orrir  .m  '( ;.•<)!,. nual  Features 
"I  111''  Cna^i  kaii«i''  Hciih  <l.'al  SH-iiiHallv  with  Ihi-  nioiiniain  M-ction 
nl  thf  ana  .lisiu^.n!  in  ihis  |.a|.<r.  an.l  H.anv',  |,a|.i-r  i-  aiiompanifil 
liy  a  n-.rful  li(|i.)i,Ta|)hii   map 

Die  li.ld  «,,rk  lor  the  prcMnl  r.porl  wa.  hcmin  iliirinu  ttie  writer's 
r.-.i.ien(e  in  .Vw  W.-^lnnn^ter  Ironi  i.,os  to  loio.  when  the  ^lai  lal 
•  leposit,  from  tlie  houmlary  aiont;  the  toast  to  Hiirrard  Inlet  were  exani- 
iiuci  I'h.'  work  on  the  niouiilain  sec  lion  wa-.  done  during  (he  summers 
ol  KM  '.  and  i(M4  Traverses  were  in  general  earrie.j  up  the  vallevs  of 
the  streams,  and,  where  necessary,  over  or  alon«  the  inti  rvenini;  moun- 
tain spurs  A  week  «as  spent  in  the  \ery  interesting  rei^ion  near  Mount 
(Jaril.aldi,  uhere  the  opDortunily  was  atTorded  of  (.>ni|)arint!  the  physio- 
graphic and  strati-raphii  features  in  the  central  part  of  the  ran«e  with 
those  near  its  e.lue.  Care  was  taken  in  delinin«  the  inland  boundaries 
of  111.-  various  I'ale.i/oie  areas  whii  h  had  l.een  previously  examined  only 
aloii),'  till  shore  line,  and  a  few  new  areas  wtre  mapped. 

Some  further  attention  was  also  paid  to  the  lowland,  espetialiy  the 
lerra-.es  on  the  north  si.je  of  Hurrard  Inlet  and  the  raised  .leltas  at  the 
mouths  of  the  Cai)ilano,  Lynn,  and  Seymour  creeks. 

The  writer's  sincere  thanks  are  <lue  to  numerous  numhers  of  the 
eni,'ineerini;  profession  and  others  who  have  assisteil  hy  furnishing  maps 
or  other  information.  .Amonj;  many  wh.i  nii^ht  he  mentioned.  Messrs. 
Herman  and  Hurwell.  the  Scotl-Goldie  Quarry  Company,  Mr.  Creer 
of  the  Hurrard  Joint  I)rainai;e  Committee.  Mr.  James  Porter  and  others 
of  llie  City  Kn-ineer's  OfVue,  and  the  management  and  m.-mhers  of  the 
British  Columl.ia  Mount.iineerim;  Cluh  ileserve  special  thanks. 

The  various  formations  present  in  the  area  which  was  e.xamined  are 
indicah-.l  in  T.iMe  III.  lo-ethur  with  an  outline  of  llieir  interpretation. 


\w, 


(  IIM'TI  R    IV 


nil.  i'\i.i.()/,oi( 


riu-  I)r\iini)-(' 


<i>  into  thr«'  format  ion-.,  towliiih  he  ha-,  ui\in  llic  minu's  IV.vail 


l.ik 

Uriiannia.  and  MarMc  liav  in  a- 

1(1 


rl)onifcn Ills  rot  kMit  thi- rtirion  have  htin  (ii\  iiliil  l,v 


■»( cnclini;  (irdcr. 


The  rnlircKroii!)  sccnis 


n.rrfviiond  with  Dawson's  C'athf  Cnrk  uroiip  of  ihi-  intrrior  plat 


thf  iijipiT  niinilwr  of  whi(  h  nhc  Marlilf  C 


plateau, 


anvoni  is  a  l-'uMtlina  limcsi 


I'f  IViinsyivanian  age.     Sonu-  uncirtaintv  exists  as  to  tht 


otii- 


the  Marlijf  Hay  to  the  Hritannia,  l)ut  both 
and  ihc  odurnnri'  of  (hcrt. 


rt'lali 


are  younccr  than  tlu-  I'exada 


as  well  as  Ki'neral  li 


th 


n. 


Kiiomcal  risi-mhlanifs 


ami   ^traliLrraphii-   position,   surest    that    the    Texadan    i>   the  loa^t 
f(nii\.iiirit  of  I)aw-ion's  Lower  Cache  Creek  K'roup  in  the  interior.      The 


.M; 

iij\ered  liy  the  present  j)aper. 


;trtile  Hay  I'ormation  oaurMin  I'exada  Island,  hut  not  within  the  are; 


The  F 


aleoiou  rot  ks  in  all  (ases  o\erlie  the  voun^er  Coast  Hat 


liolith. 


which  everywhere  intrudes  them  from  heneath.  Tyiiieal  instanie>  of 
lirec(  iated  contact-zones  and  ajiophyses  of  the  hatholith  p.  tutiatinu  the 
older  rocks  are  to  he  seen  in  all  the  observed  areas,  and  will  he  dealt  with 
lire  fully  under  the  discussion  of  the  liatholith  itself.     Contait  meta- 


moqihisni  of  the  Paleozoics.  includint'  the  d 


alonu'  their  marnins  and  within  their  mass,  rendc 


evelo[)mcnt  of  metallic  ore.^ 


economic   interest. 


It 


!ers  ihese  areas  of  urcat 
Lire    'ppropriately  treated  after 


some  consideration  of  the  intrusive  rotks  to  whose  presence  it  is  due. 


rllK    TIVADA    FOK.MAIIO.S 

The  Te.xadan  is  descrihed  hy  Lekoy  as  consisting  of  a  ureal  variety 
of  meta-iKn.-ous  rocks  "  forming  a  great  basic  comple.\,  along  with  a  few 
interstratilied  and  now  highly  altered  sediments.  The  rocks  are  agglom- 
erates, breccias,  tulTs,  i)ori)hyrites.  diaba.ses.  lavas,  .schist,  slate,  chert, 
and  crystalline  limestones.  Conditions  of  vigorous  volcanic  activity 
must  have  alternated  with  quieter  periods,  when  true  sediments  inter- 
bedded  with  tufaceous  ash  rocks  were  deposited  in  local  and  seijarattd 
ba.sin>."' 

'  Oiol.  Sun:  Coiiadj.  PiihlicUion  gi)6.  iqo8,  p.  i ;. 

ii 


34 


nii;  (.MiiDGY  uF  vwcorvKK  wn  vkimtv 


The  an  ,1-  of  Tc\arlan  rock  wlrrh  ha\f  \,vm  mappe.]  in  the  rcKion 
hptwecn  H..wc  Sound  and  the  Xorth  Arm  of  Hurrard  Inlet  are  the 

fohowini;: 

I.  liliiik  Mintntain  arfj.—\  small  area  of  crystalline  schist  is  exposed 
alons  the  east  shore  of  Howe  Sound  commencing  a  short  distance  north 
of  Horseshoe  Bay  and  extending  about  two  miles  northward  along  the 
shore,  and  inland  up  the  side  of  Black  .Mountain  to  an  elevation  of  about 
1,700  feet.  The  rocks  are  schistose  and  gneissoid  representatives  of  the 
igneous  Texadan  rocks  and  have  a  strike  varying  from  cSs"  to  i!o°  east 
of  north  with  northerly  dip  from  00="  to  nearlv  vertical.  .So  fa.  as  its 
l)oundary  was  explored,  very  little  evidence  of  metasomatic  replacement 
was  observed.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  rocks  are  not 
of  such  comi)osition  as  to  furnish  elements  capable  of  precipitating  the 
nietallic  elements  furnished  by  the  hydrothermal  action  of  the  batholith. 
The  rock  as  studied  is  for  the  mos»  part  nii(  a-schist. 

2.  Caulfulds  area.~On  the  point  east  of  Cauliields  there  is  a  small 
area  containing  a  few  acres  of  Paleozoic  .schist,  probably  to  be  referred  to 
the  Texadan.  The  general  strike  of  the  schistosiiy  here  is  1 28°,  and  the 
dip  northeasterly,  Oi'— which  corresi)ond>  very  closelv  with  the  strike 
and  dip  .>f  Jic  same  formati.)n  in  the  Black  Mountain  area.  The  schist 
is  here  intruded  by  a  basic  porphyrite  which  is  older  than  the  Coast 
Batholith,  and  which  may  be  of  Triassic  age.  Both  schist  an<l  porphvrite 
are  traversed  by  aix.j.hyses  from  the  batholith,  and  both  the  batholith 
an<i  the  Paleozoic  rocks  are  cut  by  dikes  of  diorite  pori)hyry. 

;,.  Mimnt  Stralmn  <;rr,/.— The  rounded  summit  of  .^iou^t  Strahan 
and  of  the  domelike  mountain  which  overlooks  the  Capilano  Valley  about 
a  mile  southeast  of  .Mount  Strahan  are  compo>e<l  of  Texadan  rocks. 
The  Texadan  area  also  extends  >ome  distance  south  along  the  higher 
terraces  of  the  ridge  whii  h  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Capilano  Valley 
(Hollyburn  Ki'lge',  and  northward  from  Mount  Strahan  along  the  eastern 
slope  ol  Timber  Mounlain,  which  (>\erlooks  Sister-'  Creek.  The  total 
length  ni  the  area  in  a  direclion  about  if  west  of  north  i-  nearly  three 
miles,  while  the  maximum  distance  from  east  to  west  is  one  and  two- 
thirds  miles.  The  rock  is  for  the  most  part  mica-.-.-hist.  which  has  a 
strike  of  fn)m  100'  to  no"  where  ob>erved,  and  dijx  almost  verticallv. 
It  isbrec.ialed  and  intruded  along  the  ])lane.- of  sihi-toMty  by  ai)ophy.ses 
from  the  liaiho  :ih.  Xear  the  contact  with  the  batholithat  the  southern 
e;  '  of  the  area,  and  on  the  small  creek  which  flows  down  on  ilie  east  side 
of  Mount  Strahan  lo  Si>ters'  Creek,  there  is  a  dark-green  ma.sive  por- 
j.hyrite  uiih   phenoer>>ls  of  while  plagiocla-e,  hornblemle  laths,  and 


THK    PALKOZdlC 


35 


■^ome  magnetite  grains  in  a  (lark-gray  or  greenish  matrix.  Microscopi- 
cally this  rock  consists  of  [)henocrysis  of  andesine,  which  occu|)y  most 
of  the  tieid  in  the  section  examined  and  are  included  in  a  groundmass 
which  is  hypautomori)hic-granular  in  texture  and  consists  of  andesine 
laths  with  hornblende  and  some  magnetite  in  the  interstices  between 
t  he  feldspars.  Secondary  epidote,  quartz,  and  hematite  are  also  present 
in  the  rock  where  it  is  seen  in  the  bed  of  the  creek  east  of  Mount  Stra- 
han.  This  rock  appears  to  be  intrusive  in  the  mica-schist,  and  to  i^e 
itself  intruiled  by  the  lighter-colored  dioritc  of  the  Up|)er  Juras.sic  batho- 
lith.  A  small  area  of  similar  rock  also  occurs  at  the  intake  of  the  Van- 
couver waterworks  in  the  Capilano  Valley. 

The  lo^ver  surface  of  the  Texadan  rocks  varies  in  elevation  from 
,^500  feet  at  the  southern  end  of  the  .Mount  Strahan  area  to  about  1,000 
fed  in  the  valley  cast  of  Mount  Strahan.  It  appears  to  be  of  .some- 
what irregular  form,  but  with  rounded  rather  than  angular  changes  of 
direction.  The  strike  and  dip  here  correspond  closely  with  those  of  the 
Black  Mountain  and  Caulfields  areas,  and  the  inference  seems  clear: 
(r )  The  three  areas  are  parts  of  a  formerly  continuous  terrain,  and  still 
retain  their  original  relative  positions.  They  undoubtedly  formed  part 
of  the  batholith  roof  which  has  been  separated  by  subsequent  erosion 
into  the  present  isolated  areas.  (2)  The  close  folding  which  is  re()re- 
sented  by  the  present  attitude  and  schisto>ity  of  the  rocks  took  place 
prior  to  the  intrusion  of  the  Upper  Jurassic  batholith.  and  prior  also  to 
the  earlier  intrusion  de.scribe<l  above,  which  may  be  Triassic  in  age.= 
The  diastrophism  must  have  been  iwst-Penn.sylvanian,  if  we  i)lace  the 
Britannia  in  that  period,  since  the  Britannia  rocks  are  involved  in  the 
folding.  Bancroft  also  tinds  Triassic  rocks  at  Queen  Charlotte  Sound 
but  little  folded.'  The  deformation  may  therefore  be  assigned  with  some 
probability  to  the  uplift  of  Permo-Carboniferous  time.  If  this  is  correct, 
It  a[)pears  that  the  Coast  Range  probably  originated  at  this  time.  The 
^trike  of  the  schists  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  range  at  this  jioint, 
which  would  agree  with  the  h\-|)othesis  that  the  axis  of  the  orogenic 
movement  and  the  direction  of  lateral  pressure  were  nearlv  the  same  as 
in  later  ])eriods. 

4.  7  lie  Mount  Bnins'd'iik  crrj.— Commencing  at  a  |)oini  on  the  east 
si.le  of  Howe  Sound  two  and  one-half  miles  north  of  the  northern  end  of 
the  Black  .Mountain  Texadan  area,  Texaiian  rocks  are  again  ex[)<)sed 
along  the  shore  as  far  as  the  Montagu  Channel,  where  they  give  way  to 

'  Sec  discussion  nf  Triassic  on  p.  4:;. 

'J.  A.  liancroll,  Oml.  S:tn.  Cjiuthi.  Mrmuir  .m.  |i.  '>o. 


!»■■ 


,?f> 


Tin:  cKouHiv  OF  vancoivkr  and  vicimty 


the  Britannia  formation.  The  area,  as  mapped  by  LeRoy,  is  a  narrow 
strip  which  nowhtn  nas  sufficient  extension  inland  to  reach  the  summit  of 
the  spur  which  i)arallels  the  fiord,  hut  it  prohal.ly  extends  inland  beneath 
the  liritannia  formation  at  Mount  Brunswick,  The  rocl^-,  ex[)osed  are 
of  massive  meta-igneous  type,  dark,  !;reenish-.i;ray  in  color,  and  much 
broken  up  by  joints.  They  have  been  worn  into  sea  caves  at  several 
points  along  the  strand  line. 

Under  the  microscope  the  rock  possesses  a  fine-grained  groundma.ss 
of  feldspar  and  secondary  quartz  with  a  little  magnetite,  secondary 
hematite.  ei)idote,  and  kaolin,  and  considerabl'.-  areas  of  calcite.  The 
outlines  of  some  phenocrysts,  api^arently  plagioclases,  are  discernible, 
comj)letely  replaced  b\-  e[)idote;  in  other  cases  irregular  areas  of  epidote 
and  calcite  seem  to  rejiresent  aggregates,  /.oisite  is  also  present. 
According  to  LeR.A'  the  es.-ential  minerals  usually  present  are  labrador- 
ite,  hornblende,  and  augite.  None  of  these  were  recognized  in  the  section 
examined. 

On  Mount  Hruns^vick  the  Te.xadan  is  overlaid  by  the  Britannia  slate 
and  quartzite,  which  probably  extend  thence  northwesterly  to  the  .shore 
of  Montagu  Channel. 

5.  Lynn  Creek  urfa,— Much  of  the  amphitheater  sruth  of  Palisade 
Ridge,  which  forms  the  catchment  basin  of  the  u[)per  waters  of  Lynn 
Creek,  is  undeilaid  by  Texadan  rocks.  The  area  has  a  northwest  and 
southeast  elongation  of  about  four  miles,  and  a  maximum  width,  at  right 
angles  to  this,  of  les~  i  ban  a  mile  and  a  half.  The  southeastern  extremity 
of  this  belt  lies  upon  the  summit  of  Lynn  Ridge,  between  Lvnn  and 
Seymour  creeks,  nearly  due  west  of  Mount  Seymour.  Thence  the 
southwestern  boundary  of  ihe  area  runs  northwesterly  across  the  Lynn 
Valley  and  the  northeastern  spur  of  Coat  Mountain  to  Palisade  Ridge. 
It  extends  over  the  ridge  and  lor  a  short  distance  down  the  Capilano 
slope.  whi(h  it  follows  northeasterly  for  more  than  a  mile,  and,  returning 
southeast  across  the  Palisade  Ri.lge,  cros.ses  Lynn  Lake  and  the  east 
fork  of  Lynn  Creek,  an<i  |)as.ses  over  the  Lynn  Ridge  and  along  its  eastern 
slope  to  the  southerly  point  of  the  area. 

The  rocks,  as  described  by  LeKoy.  include  -massive  and  banded 
Mlicious,  ei)idote  and  chlorite  schists."  So  far  as  examined  by  the  writer, 
they  consist  of  andesite,  hornblende  diabase,  (|uartz-actinolite  schist,' 
hornblemie-epidote  schist,  epidote  .schist,  carbonaceous  slate,  crystalline 
limestone,  and  a  calcite-epidote-garnet  rock  probably  due  to  the  altera- 
tion of  limestone  by  hydn.thermal  action  following  the  inlru.sion  of  the 
batholith.     There  is  also  a  variety  of  ores,  esi)ecially  of  zinc,  lead,  and 


THE   PALEOZOIC 


37 


copper,  which  are  undoubtedly  to  be  ascribed  to  the  same  source.  They 
occur  for  the  most  part  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of,  or  in  contact  with, 
lenticular  beds  oi  crystalline  limestone,  and  are  to  be  considered  as  of 
metasomatic  origin,  inasmuch  as  they  represent  a  chemical  reaction 
resulting  in  a  replacement  of  calcium  carbonate  by  various  metallic 
sulphides  and  silicates.     Their  formation  will  be  discussed  later. 

A  noteworthy  occurrence,  not  previously  reported  from  the  district, 
is  that  of  the  mineral  brucite  (Mr  (OH),)',  which  was  observed  in  a 
crystalline  limestone'  near  the  contact  of  the  batholith  on  the  western 
slope  of  Lynn  Ridge. 

6.  The  Seymour  Rid^e  izrcj.— Texadan  rocks  were  ma[)i)e(l  b\-  LeRo\- 
extending  along  the  western  shore  of  the  North  Arm  of  Burrard  Inlet 
lor  a  distance  of  two  miles,  commencing  at  a  point  about  four  miles  from 
the  junction  with  the  main  inlet.  E.xploration  undertaken  during  the 
prej)aration  of  the  present  paper  shows  that  the  Te.xadan  area  extends 
across  the  ridge  westward  for  more  than  three  miles  to  the  edge  of  the 
Seymour  Valley.  The  boundaries  of  the  area  have  not  been  traced  in 
detail  owing  to  the  presence  of  drift  on  the  southern  part  of  the  Seymour 
spur.  The  northern  limit  is  just  to  the  north  of  the  most  southerly  of 
the  summits  that  rise  above  the  Kntiat  terraces  of  the  ridge,  and  cul- 
minate to  the  northward  in  .Mount  Seymour.  To  this  summit  the  name 
Pump  Peak  has  been  given.  The  general  outline  of  the  area  seems  to  be 
roughly  oblong  with  a  small  -^utherly  extension  at  the  western  end. 

The  rocks  composing  this  area  are  entirely  volcanic  in  origin,  and 
are  arranged  in  a  syncline  of  very  gentle  folding  whose  structure  can  be 
easily  understood  from  Fig.  3.     The  lower  member  is  a  thick  flow  of 
massive  Insalt,  which  has  been  ciuarried  by  the  Scott-Goldie  Quarry 
Company  Limited,  on  the  North  Arm.     Microsco[)ically  the  roA  is  a 
porphyrite  which  consists  of  a  groundmass  of  plagioclase  laths  of  varying 
size  with  numerous  interspersed  grains  of  magnetite.     Some  alteration 
of  the  felds|)ar  to  kaolin  and  sericite  is  apparent,  ami  is  localized  in  sjotIs 
which  form  small  pits  on  broken  surfaces  of  the  rock,  simulating  a 
vesicular  structure.     The  ()henocrysts  are:     (i^   labradorite,   in   lath- 
shaped  individuals,  generally-  not  terminated,  and  in  many  cases  very 
irregular  in  oufne;    (2)  titaniferous  ma-nctite  in  fairly  large  grains, 
which  has  developed  some  .secondary  leucoxene:  and  {\)  augite  in  well- 
formed  individuals  which  are  in  many  cases  completely  altered  to  chlorite. 
Small  veinlets  of  cpi<lote  traverse  the  rock,  and  along  their  margins  areas 
of  calcite  occur.      There  are  also  separate   masses  of  ei)idote.     The 
■  Tschermak,  Miiicralof^is.  he  inij  pdroir.iphi^.hr  .\litl.il:„i^,ii.  XII  (.1892),  4jg. 


mi;    (IKOLOCV    (>[     VANCdlVKK    AM)    VICIMTV 


[)rcs('n(e  of  fpidoU-  and  chlorite  jrivt-s 
the  nirk  a  green  lint.  This  is  due 
larKely  to  the  alteration  of  the  augitc, 
as  the  feldspars  are  on  the  \vhole  com- 
paratively little  altered.  No  ([uarlz 
was  seen  in  the  section  examineil. 

M  an  altitude  of  i.ioo  feet  above 
the  si-i.  on  the  North  .\rm  side  of  the 
spur,   the   Rrecnstone    porphyrite    is 
o\erlaid  hy  a  hed  of  aK^lomerate,  the 
top  of  which  is  aliout  500  feet  hi<;her 
up.     This  bed  consists  of  bowlders  up 
to   three   or   four   feet    in    diameter, 
mostly  rounded  but  [jartly  suban^u- 
lar.     The    bowlders,    es|)ccially    the 
larf.'er    ones,    are    of    precnstone    or 
pori)hyrite.     .A    few    small    angular 
fragments  of  chert   also   were   >eeii. 
This  bed  rises  toward  the  north  and 
forms  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
area,  where  it  is  .seen  in  erujnive  con- 
tact with  the  diorite  of  the  batholith 
at  an  altitude  of  o\er  4,000  feet.     On 
both  sides  of  the  contact  sphcrulit.>s 
of  epidote   are   (ie\elopcd,    some   of 
which  have  a  diameter  as  great  as 
two  inches.    They  consist  of  radiating 
fibers   of    the    mineral    mostly   light 
yellowish  on  the  outside,  but  darker 
in  the  cjnter,  with  a  little  interstitial 
<|uartz  and   magnetite.     The  matri.x 
of  the  agglomerate  is  a   porjihyrite 
uhich  has  phenocrysts  of  labradorite 
and  epidote  (which  ()rol)ably  replaces 
hornblende  or  augitet.     The  ground- 
ma<s  is  jiartly  dark  between  cro.-^sed 
iiicols,  but  ((insists  mainly  of  [ilagio- 
tla^e  microliths  and  grains  or  small 
aggregates  of  titani^erous  magnetite. 
The     latter     is     largelv    altered     ij 


TIIK    PALKDZOIC 


39 


leucoxcne  and  linionite.  Sonu-  kaolin  is  present  ::om  the  feldspar  an<! 
also  grams  of  pistacite.  The  innvlders,  scxeral  of  which  were  examined 
are  andesite  and  basalt,  in  most  cases  much  altered.  Thev  probaMy 
represent  lower  memlxrs  of  the  Texadan  group.  Thev  have  become 
mvolved  in  a  subse(iuent  flow  in  such  numbers  as  to  resemble  a  con- 
glomerate. The  bowlders  or  smaller  pebbles  often  weather  out,  leavinR 
mtervenmg  parts  of  the  groundmass  standing  in  relief  on  the  surface  of 
the  rock. 

Above  the  bed  last  described  the  summit  of  the  lidge  i.  composed 
of  a  thick  bed  of  greenstone  porphyry  whose  precise  nature  is  not  always 
easily  determined,  owing  to  extensive  alteration.  The  groundmass 
consists  of  highly  kaolinized  feldspar  microliths  and  magnetite  grains 
containing  badly  decomposed  plagioclase  phenocrvsts  aii.l  masses  of 
quartz  and  ei)idote  which  [)robably  represent  other  phenocrysts.  Titan- 
iferous  magnetite  with  secondary  leucoxene  and  areas  of  calcite  are  also 
present.  The  whole  may  have  been  anywhere  between  and-s-.e  and 
basalt. 

On  the  ■■  !e  facing  Seymour  Creek  the  --toping  of  the  lower  porphvrite 
by  the  bainulith  is  well  sho>vn  by  the  very  large  inclusions,  some  of  them 
at  least  200  feet  long,  which  are  found  submerged  in  the  batholith  several 
hundred  feet  below  the  contact,  and  of  course  some  distance  from  it 
horizontally.  These  were  by  far  the  largest  xenoliths  observed  in  the 
area  examined. 

7.  The  Garibaldi  ret-ion.—The  western  part  of  the  base  of  Black  Tusk 
Mountain  consists  of  massive  greenstone  of  considerable  thickness  which 
appears  to  be  much  altered,  and  sheared  andesite  or  diorite  porphvrite, 
and  basalt,  with  impure  crystalline  limestone  containing  magnetite.' 
These  rocks  dij)  steeply  to  the  eastward. 

THE    BRITANNI.X   FORM.VTION 

Rocks  of  this  formation  occur  within  the  area  examine.!  onlv  on  the 
upper  part  of  Mount  Brunswick,  where  thev  are  re[)resented  by  black 
fissile  and  somewhat  ferruginous  slates,  interbedded  with  igneous  flows 
or  sills  which  are  now  altered  to  quartz-epidote  schist,  consisting  of 
angular  fragments  of  quartz  and  oligoclase-andesine.  with  epidote  which 
hlls  spaces  between  the  fragments.  These  larger  elements  are  imbedrled 
in  a  tiner  groundmass  of  the  .same  materials  with  titaniferous  magnetite 
grains  Irom  which  leucixene  has  developed  as  an  alteration  product 
The  Igneous  rock  is  therefore  a  sheared  cjuartz-andesite.  In  a  less  altered 
case  chlorite  is  also  present,  rej.resenting  the  original  ferromagnesian 


40 


THK   CEOLOCY   OK    VANTOUVER    AND   VICINITY 


500  feci 

2.000  feel 

1,500  feet 

20  feet 


constitutnls,  but  these  seem  to  have  been  small  in  amount  or  else  their 
constituents  have  ijcen  largely  removc.l  in  the  process  of  katamorjjhism. 
In  the  same  section  the  tjuartz  phenocrysts  are  fairly  entire  and  exhibit 
erosion.  The  rock  is  therefore  probal)ly  an  acid  end-phase  of  a  dioritic 
intrusion.  At  the  u|)per  jiart  of  the  series  are  some  hundreds  of  feet  of 
thick-bedded  quartzite,  while  at  the  base,  on  the  south  end  of  an  even- 
toi)ped  spur  which  extends  southward  from  the  east  end  of  Mount 
Brunswick,  there  is  a  small  remnant  of  a  basal  conglomerate,  consisting 
of  [.ebbles  which,  to  a  large  extent,  re[)re.sent  the  Texadan  rocks. 

The  total  thickness  of  the  series  as  exjMjsed  on  Mount  Brunswick 
was  not  accurately  measured,  but  was  estimated  at  4,000  feet,  arranged 
as  follows; 

4-  I'liitk  bedilcd  quarlzitc  or  saniislone 

,5  Iniirbedded  slate  .-'nd  sheared  iwrphyrite 

2.  Massive  porphyrile.  not  sheared 

1.  Basal  conglomerate 

As  the  conglomerate  was  not  seen  in  contact  with  the  lower  massive 
porphyrite,  it  is  possible  that  the  massive  porphyrite  should  be  elimi- 
nated from  the  series,  as  being  possibly  Texadan  or  a  Triassic  intrusion. 
The  whole  formation  has  a  general  strike  of  about  N.  s°  W.,  and  a  dip 
to  the  westwa-l  of  47°  where  measured.  The  strike  is  transverse  to  the 
wedgelike  ridge  of  the  mountain,  which  runs  east  and  west  and  has  an 
elevation  of  nearly  6,000  feet,  the  highest  in  the  Vancouver  Mountains. 

In  the  Garibaldi  region  the  eastern  part  of  the  base  of  Black  Tusk 
Mountain  and  Panorama  and  Helmet  ridges  exhibit  a  fine  section  of  the 
Britannia  formation,  which,  as  measured  along  the  exposure,  has  a 
thickness  ,,f  over  u.ooo  feet.  It  consists  of  a  basal  conglomerate  which 
lies  ui)on  the  Texadan  beneath,  and  is  followed  by  quartzite  with  inter- 
stratit'ied  conglomerate,  which  in  turn  gives  way  to  slates  with  inter- 
stratitied  igneous  beds  and,  at  the  .summit  of  the  section,  quartzite. 
These  two  sections,  apart  from  the  thick  porphyrite  at  the  base  on  Mount 
Brunswick,  are  quite  similar.  The  strike  of  the  Panorama  Ridge  section 
is  about  N.  30"  W.,  and  the  dip  eastward  from  0°  to  60.° 

In  this  section  many  of  the  pebbks  of  the  basal  conglomerate  are 
granitic,  and  LeRoy  mentions  the  same  fact  observed  at  Britannia  Beach 
on  Howe  .Sound.'  He  also  describes  the  quartzite  as  containing  ortho- 
clase  and  biotite,  which  with  quartz  form  the  constituents  of  granite, 
and  says  that  some  of  the  granite  pebbles  at  Britannia  Beach  arc  large— 
a  fact  which  was  not  observed  in  the  i)laces  examined  by  the  writer.     All 

'  O.  1;.  I.iRoy,  Grui.  Sun.  CaihiJa,  PMioilion  q,/i,  p.  15. 


THE   PALEOZOIC 


41 


of  these  fPcts  indicate  clearly  that  there  was  in  the  Devono-Carboniierous 
a  source  of  granite  debris  near  at  hand,  since  transportation  for  anv  but 
a  limited  distance  must  have  resulted  in  kaolinization  of  the  feldspars 
and  sorting  of  the  materials.     On  the  other  hand,  the  slates  somewhat 
hiKher  in  the  series  would  appear  lo  indicate  that  at  a  later  i)eriod  there 
were  quiet-water  conditions  in  which  sorting  took  place,  and  clays  were 
laid  down,  while  the  quartzites  at  the  top  imply  a  return  to  shallow 
water  or  subaerial  deposition.     The  problem  of  the  granite  pebbles  also 
occurs  in  rocks  of  similar  age  in  the  Coast  Range  of  California,  and  it 
has  been  suggested  that  there  was  at  that  time  an  .\rchaean  a.vis  above 
sea-level  to  the  west  of  the  present  coast  line.-     If  that  e.x[)lanation  were 
adopted  here,  we  should  have  to  look  to  lan.l  west  of  Vancouver  Island 
or  to  land  occupying  the  line  of  the  present  depression  between  the  coast 
and  islands.     There  may  also  have  been  a  core  of  older  granite  in  the 
Coast  Range  itself.'    There  remains  the  possibilitv  of  a  glacial  explana- 
tion, whereby  the  transportation  of  the  materials,  without  sortinr.  even 
trom  the  Archaean  a.xis  of  the  Gold  Ranges,  might  be  accounted  for 
but  no  specihc  evidence  of  this  from  the  deposits  themselves  has  vet 
been  adduced.^ 

The  Britannia  slates  are  very  important  for  the  extensive  replace- 
-nent  deposits  of  copper  and  gold  ores  which  ihev  contain,  in  the  area 
which  lies  to  the  north  of  Mount  Brunswick  on  the  east  side  of  Howe 
Sound.  These  were  not  e.xamine.l  by  the  writer,  and  can  therefore  be 
only  referred  to  here.  The  ore  minerals  are  pyrite.  chakopvrite,  and 
galena,  with  a  little  bornite  and  covellite  as  secondarv  enrichment 
Silver  and  gold  al.so  are  present.  The  metalliferous  minerals  occur  in 
sencite  schist.*  The  ore  deposit  cea.ses  abruptly  at  the  contact  of 
carbonaceous  slates,  and  the  development  of  the  sericite  seems  to  have 
been  contemporary  with  the  mineralization.'  Little  has  yet  been  done 
in  tracing  the  chemical  side  of  the  ore-genesis. 

'  r.  C.  Chambcrlin,  [irivate  communication. 

'Compare  Daly's  description  of  the  Custer  Kranile-gneis.s  in  the  Skaeu  R..ni;e 
(j(ol.  Surv.  Canada,  Memoir  38,  Part  I,  p.  507.  ' 

'O.  E.  LcRoy,  op.  cit.,  p.  15. 
*Ibid.,  p.  a. 
>  I  hid.,  p.  31. 


CHAl'TKR  V 

THK  POST-PAI-KOZOIC  iTHI ASSIC  0   ['(JRPHVRrrF.S 

It  is  i)()ssihlc  that  the  dark  Kreen  and  gray  [)orphyrites  of  Mount 
Strahan.  which  arc  intruded  into  the  Texadan  schist  but  are  themselves 
unfoiiated,  may  be  of  Carboniferous  age.  and  mijjht  be  placed  in  the 
Texadan,  whith  LeRoy  describes  as  a  complex,  since  their  relationship 
with  the  more  schistose  rocks  is  very  difficult  to  work  out  in  detail,  and 
there  are  in  many  parts  of  the  Texa.lan  series  massive  porphyrites  of 
almost  the  same  ai)pearance  which  are  undoubtedly  contemporaneous. 
Nevertheless  it  appears  that  the  lack  of  foliation  in  rocks  which  intrude 
schists  must  be  i      en  as  evidence  that  they  were  so  intruded  after  the 
develojiment  of  tlie  schistosity.     Since,  then,  the  probabilitv  is  that  the 
movement   which   produced   the  >chistosity  occurred   in   the   Permian 
period,  the  a^'c  of  this  porphyrite,  which  is  older  than  the  L'ljper  Jurassic 
batholith,  and  is  very  similar  to  the  Triassic  igneous  rocks  of  the  Van- 
couver «roup  of  I)aw^on,  i>  i)robal.ly  Triassic,  and  it  is  then  to  be 
re-arded  as  representing  a  i)art  of  the  great  igneous  activity  which  at 
that  tmie'  atTecled  the  Vancouver  Island  area  and  the  marginal  islands 
of  the  Coast  Range  in  the  Queen  Charlotte  Sound  region.'     It  mav  indeed 
be  urged  that  the  greater  competence  of  the  porphvrite  has  i)revented  the 
development  of  schistosity  in  it.  but  the  sharp  nature  of  the  intrusive 
cont:u  t  between  the  schist  and  the  porphyrite  seems  clearlv  to  contradict 
such  a  hyiiothcsis.     Like  the  Triassic  rocks  of  the  regions  referred  to 
(i  and  2),  these  occurred  in  rounded  forms  with  smooth  surfaces,  which 
have  the  apjiearance  of  being  polished  an.l  suggest  great  compactness  of 
texture. 

The  outcn.ps  which  could  be  definitely  assi.jned  to  this  series  occur 
in  the  valley  of  a  small  stream  on  the  eastern  side  of  Mount  Strahan. 
(Jne  of  the  specimens  which  was  examined  from  that  locality  shows  a 
groundmass  of  tine  granular  feldspars  with  epidote  an.l  i)vrite  grains  in 
which  are  large  phenocrysts  of  oligoclase  or  andesine,  the'determination 
of  whi(  h  is  difficult,  owing  to  the  fact  that  they  are  largelv  replaced  by 
kaohn  an  I  epidote.     There  are  large  grains  of  titaniferous  magnetite 

'  (',,  M.  l)a\vson,  Cio!.  Sun:  CjiijJj. 

'  ).   \.  iiuricroft.  Oio!.  Sun.  Cjiuda,  Mnmir  >j  (lyij).  p,  6S. 

4J 


TIIK    POSr-I'ALK.OZOIC    UHIASSIC?)    P()HPII\  HITKS 


4? 


with  secondary  Icuroxene.  In  anothir  specinu-n  the  Rroundmass 
u)niains  quartz,  titaniferous  magnetite,  and  liornl)len(k',  with  secondary 
liucoxene,  chlorite,  and  e[)idotc,  and  the  phenocrysts  are  of  andesine 
largely  altered  to  kaolin,  hornblende  largely  chloritized  and  associated 
with  much  epidote,  and  titaniferous  magnetite.  Some  calcite  and 
zeolite  are  also  present.  This  agrees  very  well  with  Hancroffs  descrip- 
tion of  the  Valdez  andesite  from  the  Queen  Charlotte  .Sound,  except  that 
hornblende  here  replaced  augite  as  the  chief  ferromagr.esian  constituent. 
I  his  also  occurs  in  the  region  described  by  Bancroft  near  the  contact 
with  the  Coast  Batholith,  which  is  the  position  of  the  specimens  from 
Mount  Strahan. 

A  small  isolated  area  which  may  be  of  these  rocks  occurs  at  the  intake 
of  the  Vancouver  waterworks  on  Capilano  Creek. 


CMtU 


CMAI'TI  K   \I 

fi'l'I.R   Jl'RXSsIC  I  ., 

Tin:  toAsi   i;\iitii..iiii 

All.  r  the  (KiHwiiinn  an-l  tol.lini;  <,f  tlu-  I)cvon.)-rarl...niuT(.u^  rocks 
and  ihc  -ul.-.f.iiunl   intru-i„n  ami  t-xtruMon  of  TriasM,   amlesiics  and 
iKisaltv,  the  n.xi   event  of  ;,'roal  iniporiance  in  this  localilv  was  the 
intrusion  of  the  imnuns,.  series  of  [.redoniinantlv  di<,ritit  batholiths  which 
exten.ls  trom  the  IVaser  Kiv.r  in  a  northwesterly  direction  into  the 
\  ukon  territory.     While  pr..  i,e  determination  <.f  the  time  at  which 
this  intrusion  took  place  has  not  as  yet  l.een  made,  it  appears  that  the 
Nicola  si.ries,  the  upper  part  .       vhich,  as  exposed  near  Spalsum    is 
Lower  Jurassic,'  was  sul.jected  t,,  -ome  folding  before  l-ein-  intruded  Ijy 
offshoot,  ol   the  Coast   nalholith.     This  would  make  the  date  of  the 
intrusion   not   earlier  than   late  Jurassic.     The   nature  of   the  contact 
l.etween  the  -ranite  rocks  and  the  Xicoia  is  not  marie  clear,  however 
On  the  western  margin  of  the  hatholith  the  Triassic  formations  are  aN.i 
intruded.'  while  the  Cretaceous  iChicol  sediments  are  partly  derived 
fr,.m  Ih<' eroded  hatholith.'     Theintru>ion  was  therefore  pre-Cretaccous 
The  evidence  available  in  the  vicinitv  of  Wmcouver  shows  that  the 
hatholith  had  been  deeply  erode.l  before  the  basal  Kocene  .leposits  were 
laid  down.     It  appears  that  the  intrusion  of  the  batholilh  took  place  in 
successive  movements'  with  .onie  intervals  „f  ,|uiescence  between,  at 
least  as  re-ards  any  ^iven  locality,  since  basic  mar-inal  .litTerentiation 
jihases  <,f  It  are  foun.l  intruded  by  more  aci<l  apophyses.     In  the  area 
inclu.led  in  this  report  the  evidence  of  such  action  is  not  c(jnclusive,'no'r 
does  It  a[.pear  that  more  than  one  loial  batholith  i>  concerned. 

Ro,ks.~  In  ihi.  re.uion  the  batholith,  as  elsewhere,  presents  a  uni- 
formly coarse  .tjranular  texture,  which  is  varie.l.  however,  near  intrusive 
contact.,  by  ^neissoid  tc^xture  .lue,  so  far  as  seen  here,  to  movement  of 
the  tlui.l  ma-s  belore  cooling.  Thi-  -neissoid  pha>e  was  observed  in  the 
'  (..  -M.  I).i»>,„n.  (,-,,./.  Sun.  C.„i.i,l,i.  S  ,S.,  \  U  ,  ,,s,,4i,  , ,  ,,5  |j. 
'}.  -V  Il,i.ur..fl,  Ga.I.  .V/,r:.  C.n,.„I.,.  .I/,,,,,,;,  j,,  „„  .,  ,,.  ,„„,  ,^„.i  ^■  ^,  ,,^^^^_^^^ 
(no!.  .Sun.  C  ,;ij, ;,/,;.  .\,i,r  K,  p  .  isSh.  |',,rt  li..  p    11. 

"I    v..  I.t.R,,y.  (;,,;/.  .■sun.  C.w.i.la.  /'„/.//,„//,„  ,,„rt,  ,.,,,  ,s,  ,j, 
'  llu:..  [..  104. 

44 


UPPKR   JIHASSIC    (?) 


45 


("fieakamous  Valley  in  exposures  alooK  the  road  whiih  has  been  lately 
In:'  an  aid  lo  railroad  lonstruciion.  In  the  villey  of  the  east  l.ram  h 
of  '  ..(.ilano  River  :.  bowlder  ..as  observe.l  derivcl  from  the  l.atholiih 
which  was  lille.l  with  orhirular  l.o.lies  averaKinj,'  0  or  more  inches  in 
diameter.  'Ihey  consisted  of  central  masses  of  very  coarse  Kranular 
rock,  without  symmetrical  arranKement  of  constituents,  surrounded  by 
sude.sive  hands  of  rock  minerals,  arranged  radially  as  regards  min<  ral 
indiv  iduals.  Between  the  oi  )ules  the  rock  wa.,  hypaulomorphic  Kranu- 
lar. of  de-idedly  fmer  Krain  than  that  in  the  center  of  the  orl)ules. 

Th.  mineralo-.-ical  comjjosition  of  the  rocks,  of  which  the  prevailing 
type  i-,  a  (juartz-diorite,  is  indicate<l  in  the  accompaiiyiiiK  table.,  and 
diagram,  which  are  based  on  measurements,  made  by  the  Rosiwal 
method,  of  samples  which  represent  fairly  well-spaced  [xisitions  throunh- 
out  the  area  and  al.so  special  ditTerenti^tion.  The  localities  from  which 
tlic  .>am|)les  examined  were  taken  arc  as  follows: 

.\.   Keith  Koad.at  si  ream,  one  mile  west  of  Dumlarave;  f)uanz-mica(liorite. 

B.  West  side  of  Point  .\ikin,son;    ciuarlz-dioriie  with  accessory  titanite. 

C.  Bay  between  faullields  and  Cypress  Creek  on  shore;     quarl7.-,iiorile. 
I).  Sh..re   northward   of   Kagle   Harbour,  on   Howe   Soun.i;     hornblende 

fiial)asc'  -a  marginal  ditTerentiaiion  i)hase. 
K.  Near  Paleozoic  contact  on  Mount  Strahan;   diorile  high  in  horiihliiule. 
I'.  Ouarry.  south  face  of  Dome  Mountain,  North,  \anrouver;    quartz- 

diorile. 
(i.  Junction  of  Capilano  and  .Sisters'  creeks;   quart z-diorite. 
H.  Seymour  Canyon;  a  very  quartzosc  phase  of  quartz-mica  diorile. 
I.    Lynn   \alley  zinc  mine— Kempt ville  cl.iim   near    IVxadan  contact; 

diorite,  little  quartz,  and  much  hornblende. 
J.    Seymour  Creek  Falls;   quartz-diorite. 
K.  Half  a  mile  northwest  of  Wigwam  Inn,  on  the  Indian   River  trail; 

quartz-diorite— ver>-  low  in  ferromaKne.-.ian  constituents. 
L.  Top  of  Castle  'lowers  Mountain  (Mount  (laribaldi  region);    quarlz- 

biotile  diorile. 

K.Xl'I.A.S' \II(i\   OF   UI.MiR.VM 

The  angular  points  of  the  large  triangle  represent  loo  per  cent  of  the 
constiluents  who.se  name  tliey  bear. 

I'he  sides  of  the  small  triangles  represent  by  iheir  positi„n  the  Dcrcent.ige 
of  quartz,  felds()ar.  or  ferromagnesian  minerals  that  the  rock  coniains,  counting 
from  the  parallel  side  of  the  large  triangle. 

The  length  of  si.ks  ol  the  sm.dl  triangles  represents  the  percentage  of 
ac.ei.sones  (black)  anil  alteration  products  (white)  The  kaolin  is  not  rei)re- 
^ented  in  the  secondary  minerals  owing  lo  the  dimculty  of  estimating  it  by 
the  Rosiwal  mctho.l,  but  its  amount   is  indicated  in  the  table  as  large  (L). 


4'' 


iiri     i.lul'ii.v    (PK    \\N((ir\hK    AM)    VICINIIV 


miiliiiin  iMi  or  -mill  l\i  jn  |,r,,|».ti  inn  i,.  iji,.  .iinoiint  of  fcl.Npar,  riu' 
M-.oihl.iry  mimr.iN  iM(li..ilc<|  l,y  sp.i,  ,•  m  ihr  -ni.ill  lri,inKli>  arc  i  hi.lly  tpiilotf 
(wilh  -oni,  (  liluri.i.  NO  ili.il  I  he-  ,1^  ,,f  ihi.  ,|..i,c  i,  ,in  iii.lii  ation  of  iho  anioiinl 
ol  (lie  h>,|r.illt,  nii,il  ,ili.  r.il  h.ii  «hi,  h  ll'i-  nnk  lias  umltTKoiif. 


FrI^^^I^.^^ 

Fig.  4— .S|)eiimi'ii>  of  ihc  L\>a>l  Halholuh.     I)ia«ram  of  mincr.,!.)gi,  a!  ,  ,,ini)osition 


A 


lilai  k  rcprcsfnN  accessories 
Wliile,  sicomlary  minerals 


'I  he  minerals  observed  in  thin  sec  tions  were: 

I'UIU  0(V 


l:-.rnti,il 

OrlhocLise 

Oliporlase' 

Anilesine 

I.alirailoriio 

Hytdwnite 

llornl)len<li.' 

liiolite 

(Au^ilei 


Arn-^s  iry 

<,Hi:irtz  Kpidotc 

.MaRnetiie  (  hlorile 

Apalite  >erieite 
Titaniferous  magnetite    Kaolin 

ViiKiif  Hematite 

i'ournialiiie  Leucoxene 

I'ilaiiile  Cakite 


'  The  [ilanioclase  is  in  many  cases  unlwinneil. 


48 


THE   GEOLOGY  OF   VANCOU\'ER   AND  VirTSITV 


US 

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UPPER   JURASSIC   (?) 


49 


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Tin;  (,i.oi.(>(;y  of  v.wcoivkr  and  viciniiv 


I  he  ro(k  typivs  rcronni/cd  within  the  area  arc: 

..  (Hiotilefiranhe.)'  ..  (;rano,iioritc.  ,i.  Ouart.  an.iesini.e.  4  Ouart/- 
nma.hur,,..,  ,.  Ouart.-.liorile.  0.  Dioritc.  7.  Ilornblcn,k-,iial,asc.  s'llom- 
bien.le  Kahlin,.     ,).  ((.alihru.;' 

Of  these  the  quartz-diorite  is  easily  the  .h.minant  tvpe  f.,r  the  area 
un.ier  o.nsi.lera,i.,n.     The  more  ,|uart.„se  „hases  occur  a,  a  distance 
from    laleozo.c   contacts,   and    the    more   hasic   as   the   contacts   are 
approached.      I  his  marfrinal   dilTerentialion  senerailv  takes  the  form 
of  a  decrease  in  quartz  an<i  an  increase  in  hornl.lende.'    The  appearance 
Of  auRite,  as  at  Whyte  ClifT,  is  exceptional.     In  some  cases,  as  in  the 
vicinity  o.  The  Lions,  the  hornblende  becomes  so  predominant  that  the 
n.ck  over  small  areas  mi^ht   Ix'  nroperly  .iescribe.i  as  hornblen.lite. 
1  his  type  of  difTerentiaiion  occurs  in  contact  with  the  basic  eruptives 
and  limestones  of  the  Te.xadan  series,  and  where  it  occurs  at  a  distance 
froni  root  remnants  it  probably  indicates  that  the  roof  originally  existed 
in  close  i-roximity  to  the  remaining  dilTerentiation  rock.s.     A  prominent 
case  ot  this  sort  is  that  of  the  peaks  known  as  -The  Lions  •-two  rock 
tmvers  some  700  feet  in  height  which  consist  from  the  ba.e  up  mainly 
of  hornblende  Kabbro.     They  are  probably  erosion  remnants  whose 
survival  is  due  to  the  original  ,,resence,  not  far  above  their  present 
summits,  of  very  resistant  Texadan  rocks  in  the  roof  of  the  batholith 
These  have  now  been  removed  by  erosion.     The  vertical  thickness  of 
he  dilTeremiation  .one  must  have  been  at  least  800  feet  in  this  instance 
In  the  area  from  Eafile  Harbour  northward,  where  similar  rocks  are 
e.xposed  for  about  two  miles,  horizontally  measure.!,  south  of  the  Pale 
ozoic  contact,  the  roof  was  probably  at  no  great  distance  above  the 
prese.it  surlace.     The  remnants  of  it  which  remain  near  bv,  on  Bowen 
Island  and  in  other  <lirections,  seem  to  indicate  this 

The  apophyses  of  the  batholith  penetrate  the  older  rocks  in  some 
cases  to  considerable  distances,  so  that  doubt  sometimes  arises  as  to  their 
i.lent, ty  I  hey  are  in  general  quite  similar  in  composition  to  the  main 
batholith.  and  little  evi.lence  of  minerali.ers  was  met  with  bevond  a^ 
unusual  amount  of  ,,uart.,  IVrite  occurs  in  a  dacite  which  underlies 
the  post-hocene  lavas  of  Table  Mountain,  but  whose  structural  relations 

!">"  K-'^llf  ,    "  Vr"'  "'"'"'  "'  ""  ''"'"''^■^"  "^'^"^^  -  'he  point 
ca.  ot  C  uillields.      I  he  intrusion  is  along  the  schistositv  ,.i  the  Tex'ulan 

rock   and   H  „1   pegmatitic   texture.     Its   main   constituent   is  ,,uartz 

(estimated  05  per  centi,  with  plagiocla.se  (.\h  o  8s,  .An  o  15)   about  ^o 

per  cent.     Orihocla>e,  microperthite.  titanifcrous  magnetite,  'an<I  rutile 

'  ki|h>rtcil  liy  O.  1;.  I.ik..y. 


UPPER    JIRASSIC    (?) 


SI 


occur  as  accessories,  with  a  small  amount  of  hornl)lenik'.  The  secondary 
minerals  are  kaolin,  hematite,  and  leucoxene.  The  com[)<)siiion,  accord- 
ins  to  the  old  classiticalion,  would  he  alaskite  pesmalite.  In  other 
cases  no  differentiation  is  observable  in  the  apophyses. 

Subsequent  to  its  cooling,  the  batholith  and  its  adjacent  rocks  were 
intruded  by  a  series  of  dikes,  some  of  which  are  of  composition  very  like 
the  average  of  the  batholith  itself,  while  others  are  much  more  basic. 
The  age  of  the  latter  is  doubtful,  and,  so  far  as  the  evidence  here  goes, 
they  may  very  well  represent  either  post-Eocene  or  Pleistocene 
vulcanism  in  some  cases,  but  LeRoy  states  that  some  at  least  are 
[ire-Cretaceous. 

Of  the  dioritic  dikes  very  typical  examples  may  be  seen  penetrating 
both  the  batholith  and  the  Texadan  schists  on  the  point  east  of  Caul- 
tields.  Others,  whose  lithology  has  not  been  determined,  occur  on  Point 
Atkinson. 

The  dikes  in  the  shore  east  of  Caulfields  Landing  are  por{)hyritic  in 
texture,  with  a  granular  groundmass  of  andesine  and  hornblende,  with 
some  magnetite  in  which  are  phenocrysts  of  andesine  and  hornblende. 
There  is  a  considerable  amount  of  secondary  epidote,  sericite,  kaolin, 
and  chlorite.     Magnetite  grains  are  included  in  the  hornblende. 

The  dark  rocks  seen  on  the  southern  shoulder  of  Grouse  Mountain 
are  of  very  similar  type,  and  are  also  characterized  by  the  skeleton-like 
hornblende  aggregates.  They  may  be  either  wide  dikes  or  ditTerentia- 
tion  zones.  The  appearance  of  these  rocks  is  darker  than  that  of  the 
batholith  in  general.  Other  examples  of  the  sam*.  type  occur  on  Lynn 
Ridge  (southeastern  corner  of  Lot  iq44)  and  in  the  Cheakamous  \'alley. 
The  irn^iietite  in  the  latter  case  is  distinctly  titaniferous. 

Traversing  the  coarse  granular  batholith  in  a  \ariety  of  directions 
are  ajjlitic  iJikes,  some  of  which,  where  small,  are  foliated  parallel  to 
their  length.  They  are  more  quartzose  than  the  earlier  phases  of  the 
batholith.  As  an  example,  a  c|uartz-diorite  aplite  from  the  northern  end 
of  Hollyburn  Ri<lge  consists  of  (juartz  (about  ^5  per  cent),  andesine 
(50  per  cent),  and  hornblende  (15  per  cent)  in  small  individuals  and 
stringjike  aggregates,  with  some  magnetite  grains.  A  somewhat  similar 
dike  which  cuts  the  Paleozoic  rocks  on  Texada  Ridge,  a  short  distance 
southeast  ot  Mount  IJrunswick,  exhibits  under  the  microscope  a  quartz 
mosaic  with  shreds  of  muscovite  and  looplike  meshes  of  kaolin  (?) 
between  the  quartzes.  There  are  small  amounts  of  chlorite  and  of 
magnetite  which  arc  |)artly  altere<l  to  hematite.  The  whole  has  under- 
gone sufficient  metamorjihism  to  ha^e  assumed  a  schi>tobe  structure. 


5-  ""■    (ir.OLOCV   (IK    VANCOUVKk    AST)   VKINTTY 

Reti.  ulaliriK  in  all  dircctii.ns  throuKh  the  hatholith,  aloiiR  what  often 
appear  I.,  have  hecn  planes  „f  faultina,  are  v,nall  vein,  which  consist 
almost  entirely  of  epi.lote,  with  small  per-entases  „f  quartz  an.l  litan- 
iferous  maKnetite.  These  heeome  esjieciallv  numerous  near  the  i.  tru.ive 
cont;uis  an.l  penetrate  the  Paleozoic  rocks  in  manv  cases  as  veins  of 
conM.leraMe  width.  They  fault  the  uplite  dikes,  to  which  thcv  are 
therefore  sul,se(|uent.  In  a.l.litjon  to  its  occurrence  in  the  veins,  epidote 
IS  widely  devclope.l  throufrhout  the  mass  of  the  <liorite,  ai)parentlv  as  r 
semndary  pro.luct,  and  forms  very  noticeable  sphcrulites.  which  have  a 
diameter  as  -reat  as  two  inche-,  alon^  the  .ontact  .,f  the  Texa.ian  a- 
Klomerate  on  Seymour  Ridse.  These-  conMst  of  radiating'  fibers  of  epidote 
with  a  little  interstitial  <|uartz  and  majrnetite. 

The  presence  of  these  dike-  and  veinleis  clearlv  indicates  a  number 
ol  wuhschubai  following  the  main  intrusion  at  consi.icrable  intervals. 
In  -,me  pan-  of  the  ranj-e'  there  were  successive  intrusions  which 
a-umed  the  f..rm  (,f  further  advances  of  the  bath(,lith  as  a  whole,  but 
here  the  later  recru.lescenccs  of  the  ifineous  advance,  which  ma\-  have 
coinciderl  with  massive  movements  elsewhere,  were  conlined  '-.,  the 
formation  of  end-pr<.duct  dikes,  anri  tlnallv  the  hvdrothermic  action 
which  produced  the  epidote  veins  and  rejilacements.  Of  the>e  vari- 
ous movements  the  last  seems  to  have  playe.l  the  most  imporiant 
part  in  the  contact  metamori)hism  and  mineralization  of  the  intruded 
rocks. 

Shattered  contact-zones  are  u-ually  present.     Though    not    every- 
where marke.l.  they  are  especially  noteworthv  and  extensive  where  the 
rocks   intruded   are   massive   igneous   types.     Xenoliths   of  (rreat    size 
occur  on  the  eas-ern  slope  of  Seymour  Creek  \allev  s„uin  of  .Mount 
Seymour,  where  in  one  case  a  prospect  shaft  has  been  sunk  on  the  contact 
metamorphic  zone  b.  iween  the  batholith  and  a  .xenolith.     The  various 
sia-es  ot  assimilation  can  be  observed  in  va  ,ous  parts  of  the  area,  and 
even  «here  Paleozoic  areas  are  distant   oaa-ional   fused  and  dislorte.l 
fragments  are  to  be  found  in  the  diorite,     Wrv  j;ood  e.\-am|)le>  of  the 
method  of  siopin..'  by  the  intrusion  of  reticulating  veins  into  fractures  in 
the  root  rock  may  be  seen  along  the  eastern  side  of  Howe  .Sound    where 
the  batholith  is  in  conta.  t  with  ma.-ive  Texadan  greenstones.     Ik-re  the 
separated   fragments  have  extremely  shar|.   fracture-lines  and   di.plav 
comparatively   liitle  internal   recrystallizati.ui,  while   farther  awav   the 
alteratmn  become-  greater  and  the  outlines  lenticular  or  roumled.' until 
'  J.  A.  li.iih  rull,  ii.oi  Sur.    (  \,n.„lt.   l/tm,'.>  j  ;. 


titt    ImIIh.IiiIi  I. 
ik  iDi-'  thi-  h'liii'i  M 
■irpK  .m.-iili'Miitlir 


-r.i 


Ml    . 


-■     Km 

rn  I     ^ 

,'||.|  It. 


■■rt  .'f  larc-  -1.,!.-  ni 
'  ".[Mritf  i!  ir.ik'Fi'i  r 
..ht  M'l  irittm  ilU    ^li 


(  IVri.  Ir.ltir 
frnni  the  "I 
I-  ,l,r|-.r    ,„ 


«lll.  Il     .li-Wll.N.- 

t-mi    »l„.  It  hn 


'f.  rv.I..II(/ili. 


UPPKR   JURASSIC   (?) 


Si 


finall>  indefinite  smear;  of  hornblende  represent  what  was  originally  an 
angular  fragment  of  basalt. 

Summary.  The  intrusion  of  the  batholith  may  therefore  be  con- 
sidered as  having  taken  place  in  the  following  stages: 

1.  Invasion  of  the  overlying  rocks  by  stoi)ing  and  assimilation  of 
xenolith^. 

2.  Cooling  of  the  contact-zone,  differentiation  of  the  botly  of  the 
magma,  and  advancing  solidification  of  the  whole  mass. 

:,.  Fissuring  and  dept)sition  in  fissures  of  aplitic  en(i-pro<lucts. 

4-  Further  movement,  resulting  in  faulting  of  the  batholith  with  the 
aplite  (likes  and  ti.e  overlying  rocks.  1  his  was  accompanied  by  hydro- 
thermal  action,  which  produced  epidote  veins  along  the  fracture-i>lanes 
of  the  batholith  and  replacement  deposits  of  sulphide  ores  in  the  Paleo- 
zoic rocks  near  the  contact. 

5-  A  slight  subsequent  tissuring,  with  formation  of  small  quartz  veins. 
Dijferentiation.     The  following  list,  based  on  field  relations,  indicates 

the  (litTerentiation  shells  or  zones  represented  in  Tables  IV,  V.  and  VI, 
taken  in  order  from  the  contact-zone  or  surface  of  the  batholith  to  the 
deepest  parts  of  it  which  are  exposed. 

1.  Contact-zone.     Saniplw  generally  within  loo  ftct  of  contact 
II)   lieerbachose.     D.  E,  I,  Table  I\' 

/')  .Andosc.     L,  Table  I\' 

2.  Subcontact-zone.     .Several  hundred  feet  from  contact 
c)  Cnn,-inie<l.     .\,  Table  IV 

(/)  .Amadoroso.     U,  C,  F,  K,  Table  IV 
.V   Most  acid  zone.     -Slill  dirpiT  by  a  few  hundred  feet 

(■)   Mariposose.     II,  Table  l\' 
4-  L)eep  zone,     .\bout  6,ooo  iVet  below  original  surface,  becoming  more 

basic 

/)  Placerose.     O,  J,  Table  IV. 

The  whole  indicates  a  rather  rapid  increase  in  acidity  from  the 
contact-zone  for  a  short  distance  downward,  followed  bv  a  verv  gradual 
increase  of  basicity  at  greater  cle|)ths. 

It  is  very  likely  that  a  number  of  intermediate  phages  exist,  and 
LeRoy  mentions  t>-pes  which  are  much  more  basic  than  an\-  studied  here. 

.■\ndose  (6)  is  very  near  becrbachose,  but  comes  from  a  localitv 
40  miles  distant  from  the  others." 

The  presence  of  orthocla>e  ia  [)hases  b.  c.  and  ,/.  of  biotite  in  b.  c.  and 
/,  and  of  litanite  in  d  should  be  noted.      The  plagicjclase,  which  is  both 

'  Cf.  Ualy,  Ccol.  Surv.  Cjiioili,  Memoir  jS,  p.  53:,  Slessc  liioritc. 


54 


llil     t.l  i.|ii(.\     or    '.   \\(  r.l  \  I  1(     \M)    M,  IMis 


strialol  .m.!  imn-.lrial,-,l.  v.iri.-.  from  lal.ra.Mritr  In  the-  u.nlacl-/,M.r 
(•',  A,  an,!  ,  ..  i,,  an.i.-Mru-  mar  nli-.„  lasr  in  ihv  nm-rmc.liat.-  /..ncs 
''/:ui.l  ,1.  r.turnmu'  aKain  I.,  arul.si,,,.  ,u,,r  lal.raduriti-  in  llu>  .krp.-.l 
/nm-  .  /  ,.  AMwr.iinn  i„  I.i.R.n  the  variaiio,,  i,  wi.l.r.  irnm  l.vi.nvnin. 
I"  "liK.KlaM'.  I  l„.  pri-imr  „|  „rth,,c  la-i.  i„  il,,. ,  ,,n,a.  i  aii.l  suluontarl- 
ziinc^  (/).  , ,  and  ,/)  „ui,|  |,i-  tmicd. 

In  >;tiural,  llu-r  rock^  -iilTcr  from  llio.c  .I.Mril«-.l  l,v  Dalv  from 
Mmiiar  l.aiiw.liths  in  tlu-  Ho/amccn,  Ska^'ii.  an,l  OkanaKan  ran^-,  in 
1hm,k  |,(r>o,iu  insti.a.l  of  ,loso<lic.  Thus  ilu-  .Inrrinant  phase  of  the- 
Similkamirn  l,alh.,nth  is  >dirwstonoH-.  which  if  pcrMMlic  would  l.c 
amadonw.  while  the  l.asic  conta.  i-phase  is  andosc  inst.-a.l  of  In-cr- 
Liuhosc.  The  Ca>tle  Peak  Krano.liorite  is  lasnnose,  as  compared  with 
mariix,sose  in  the  Xaneouver  l.aiholith.  The  quartz-liorile  of  the 
Chilluvaek  halholith  is  tonalose,  which  if  perso.lic  woul.j  he  placerose. 

I  lie  proce^^es  l,y  which  the  dilTerentiation  of  a  hatholith  take  place 
are  dcscrihe.l  by  I)aly  as  follows: 

I.  Cravitational,  .lue  to  the  fact  that  the  basic  phenorrvsts.  such 
as  maKneliie.  the  am[)liil,<,les,  and  the  F)vroxenes.  are  the  first  io  crvstal- 
I1/.C-  from  the  melt,  an,l.  luin^-  heavier  than  the  average  of  the  hatholith 
sink  to  its  lower  horizons,  leaving  the  up,)er  parts  relativeiv  acid  in 
comjiosition. 

-\  Liquation.  This  is  hase.l  on  the  fact  that  hquids  which  mix  freely 
at  hiKh  temperatures  separate  as  the  lemi)erature  falls,  the  linhter 
assuming  a  i)n>ition  above  the  heavier  by  the  action  of  gravitv.  In  this 
way  ::  coling  magma  may  split  into  .listinct  parts,  the  more  acidic  of 
which  Will  rise  above  the  more  basic. 

,v  The  ba-ic  contact-shell  is  accounted  f.;r  t)v  the  fact  that  the 
raFudity  of  cooling  at  the  surface  of  the  batholith  leaves  no  time  for  the 
foregoing  processes  of  .lifTerentiation,  and  the  copt  t-i)hase  is  therefore 
like  the  original  magma  in  composition,  proba  ..v  modified  to  some 
extent  by  a.ssiniilation  of  the  invailed  rocks. 

4-  K.xprcssion  of  end-phases.  If,  when  cooling  has  progressed  to 
such  a  .legree  that  the  growing  crystals  form  a  spong  ■  mass  throughout 
the  magma  with  resi.lual  li,|uid  in  the  interstitial  space,  an  on.genic 
mo\ement  takes  |,lace  under  these  circumstances,  fissures  mav  be  formed 
and  the  li,|uor  squeeze.l  out  of  the  spongy  mass  force.l  i,  them,  result- 
ing in  aplilic  and  jiegmatilic  end-|)hases. 

'Ihese  [irocesses  are  somewhat  modified  in  their  operation  by  the 
process  ol  stoping,  which  consists  in  the  shattering  of  the  roof  of  the 
I'alhohlh  owing    to   heat  e.vpan.ion.     The   resultant    masses   sink   into 


ITPI  K     MK\- 


I  ,"l 


55 


ihc  l.allx.liih  l.<-l.nv.  1  h(.-y  hiiotru-  fiiM-l  ami  ,,similatc.|  hy  thf  muUvn 
nia>v  a>  tiny  (li-srt.,.!.  .iiid  an-  thin  siil.jt(  t  to  praitually  thr  ^imo  law, 
<'f  <lifTiTfnliali()n  a-  I'll-  r.'-t.  It  s,.,m>  <  lear  K.  the  writer  that  thr  depth 
t"  whiih  Ihfy  *an  -ink  before  hfcmiriK'  as>iir.ilatecl  depends  upon  the 
>ize  of  the  fragments,  or  -xenohths,'  and  that  in  the  tormal.-n  of  a 
lattered  eontat  t-/.one  a  ureal  deal  of  •'tines'  of  the  size  of  du-t  par- 
tides  or  little  lar«er  must  he  produced.  Thi,  material  would  he  as>i'  ,i- 
lated  almost  immediately  because  its  small  size  would  cause  it  to  remain 
in  sus|K-nsion  near  the  contait  rather  than  to  >ink  rapidlv,  an<l  its  rela- 
tively large  surface  would  result  in  speedy  fusion  due  to  (juicker  absor|. 
tion  of  heal.  Henc.  it  ai)pears  that  whef  thi  invaded  rocks  are  more 
basic  than  the  original  masnia  u  might  expected  that  the  contacl- 
|)hase  would  be  more  basic  than  it  wouM  b.  in  contact  with  rock,  more 
acid  than  the  magma.  The  Paleozoic  rock-  of  the  'I.  xadan  formation 
arc,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  more  basic  than  the  basic  contact-zone  near  them, 
or  any  known  phase  of  the  I):  olith,  but  the  writer  has  not  had  ati 
opportunity  of  observing  the  co-'act-phase  where  the  contact  is  with 
rocks  more  aci<l  than  the  magma. 

As  evidence  that  liquation  was  operative  in  the  <litTerentiation  of 
the  Coast  Batholitli  the  orbicular  structure  ob,ser\ed  in  the  Capilano 
Valley  may  be  cited  (see  ,,age  45),  since  Daly  interprets  this  structure 
as  an  emulsional  pha-e  of  the  magmatic  splitting.' 

The  aplitic  action  is  al.so  well  shown  (page  51),  and  some  of  the 
dikes  observed  near  Caullieids  and  else  vhere  may  be  <l  je  to  the  expres- 
sion of  the  still  liquid  interior  through  tissures  in  the  hardened  outer 
part  of  the  batholith. 

'  K.  .\.  Daly,  Geo/.  Sun.  Ciinnda.  M<moir  jS,  p.  770. 


(  MM'TIR  VII 

1 1  ii\()\iic  \si>i(  rs 

(■|>M  V(  r    Mil  WIciKIMII^M 

A^  alrca.lv  stalc.l,  the  (onla.  t-/niu'^  ,.f  tlu-  l'ak-„/„i,  ro.,f  pcn.lants 
uith  tl„.  iMlhnlith  arr  of  «r.at  ir,n.,.mic  inlircl,  .Jm,-  it  i>  lu-ri-  that 
m.iallil.rnu-.  rrplatcmnit  deposits  <,aur.  .\.,ir-  ..f  these  is  at  present 
|.r."lu.iiij;  nre  in  the  area,  examine,!  I.v  the  writer,  l.ut  the  Britannia 
mine,  whi.h  hes  a  sh„rt  <li,tame  t.,  the  north,  as  well  as  manv  others 
melu.lini:  those  of  Texa,la  Man.l.  the  Cortland  Canal  miian^  area,  and 
the  \\hiteh,,rse  eopper  raPKe,  are  of  similar  origin,  and  suth  .lata  as 
have  l,een  collei  ted  iti  the  area  here  desrril.ed  mav  assist  in  sulvinK 
|)rol.lems  eommon  to  many  of  the  Coa-i  Hatholith  ore  deposits. 

The  clepo,ition  of  metallic  minerals  t.H.k  i)lace  in  both  the  Texada 
and  the  Britannia  formations.  Of  the  Te.vadan  areas  e.xamined.  those 
«hi.h  loi.Mst  exclusively  of  igneous  or  meta-iRneous  nxks,  ineludinR 
the  Black  .Mountain.  Mount  Strahan.  Caulfields,  and  .Sevmour  KidK'e 
areas,  show  little  or  nolhinK  <'f  metalliferous  deiiosits.  The  only  excep- 
li-n  is  the  showing  on  which,  as  alrea.ly  stated,  a  prospect  shaft  has  I.een 
opened  on  the  east  slope  of  Seymour  Vallev.  In  this  case  the  metallic 
content,  which  consisted  of  ,H,<sil,ly  auriferous  pvrite,  was  carried  in  small 
reticulating  <|uart2  veins,  which  appeared  to  l,e  subsequent  to  theepidote- 
producmt;  h>.lrothcrmal  injection,  and  were  therefore  of  a  tvpe  quite 
dilTerent  from  the  replacement  .ieposits  which  arc  most  characteristic 
ol  the  region.  The  r|uart/.  veins  conta!,,  b.ecciated  fragments  both  of 
the  greenstone  .xenolith,  which  forms  the  walls,  and  of  the  epi.lote  veins 
which  penetrate  it.  The  whole  occurrence  is  on  u  small  scale,  and  prob- 
ably ot  n,,  economic  value,  but  inierestinf,'  as  indicating  the  fact  of  vein 
formation  at  a  time  after  the  latest  balholithic  acti,.n  elsewhere  seen. 
The  wall  rock  is  found  microscopicallv  to  consist  of  kaolin.  (|uartz,  and 
sericite,  with  smaller  grains  of  epidote  and  tilaniferous  magnetite,  partiv 
altered  to  haematite  and  leuco.xene. 

The  Lynn  Creek  Texadan  area,  in  which  al.)ne  replacement  deposits 
<>f  any  promise  occur,  is  largely  composed  of  meta-sedimentaries.  They 
include  "marble,  dolomite,  quartzite,  garnetite.  epidote  schist,  and  allied 
metamorphic  n.ineniLs.  Of  these,  crystalline  limestone  has  the  most 
important  elteu  on  metasomatic  action,  since  in  most  of  the  observed 


KliNOMK'   ASPKcrs 


57 


..iM-s  Ihf  .,rf  .Irposits  an-  localf-l  al-tiK  lim.st..iu-  lin,cs.  Th.v  ....iir 
.ili.iij;  fra.  turc-^iont-s  paralli-l  to  the  limoK.iic  lenses,  aii.l  alx.  alon-  fa'ilt. 
wliiili  have  in  m<.>t  iaM>  an  eaM-an.l-wist  tren^t,  tran>vfr-e  ~ ..  the 
li-.l.l.nK.  The  faults  aii.l  frarliire-zones  f„rnu<l  avenues  fur  the  .  in  ula- 
iH-n  ..f  hvdruthernial  water..  The  fault,  are  ..f  th..se  previou-l> 
.le,iril,e.l  as  having  octurre.l  after  the  apliti,  phases  ui  the  l.athulith  ha.'l 
M.li.lilie.l  an.!  in  whieh  the  e[.i,lote  veins  „f  the  l.alh..|ith  were  .|ep„Mte.l 
Minerali/.ati,.n  therefore  t.H.k  place  .lurin«  ur  after  this  m.,vement. 
I  he  lollciwini;  facts  are  i^iso  of  importance: 

1.  1  he  prin(  ipal  deix.sits  arc  of  tahular  form  and  are  those  parallel 
to  the  strike  of  the  limestones,  while  those  alon«  fault-planes  are  of 
mmor  importance,  and  extend  for  short  .listances  from  the  intersection 
nl  the  fault  with  the  limestone  (125  feet  was  the  maximum  distance 
observed). 

2.  Highly  altered  fragmentsof  the  shattered  rork  are  found  in  the  ore. 
.V   At  the  intersection  of  the  fault-plane^  the  he-i.led  deposes  widen 

and  crushed  rock  is  more  completely  replaced  hv  ore." 

These  data  indicate  that  the  ore  was  deposited  alon^  ,)lanes  of 
Iracture.  that  rei)lacemeni  of  the  crushed  rock  and  also  of  the  wall  rock 
look  i.lace.an.l  that  the  h\drothermal  waters  gained  access  to  the  iraciure- 
l.lanes  along  the  transverse  faults,  which  extend  into  the  hatho'ith 
It  IS  also  apparent  that  the  presence  of  the  limestone  determined  the 
deposition  of  the  ore. 

At  the  time  when  the  writer  visited  the  L\nn  ("reek  area  the  only 
properties  where  an>-  w.,rk  was  being  done,  and  where  in  consequence 
information  could  he  s;itisfact,)rily  obtained,  were  those  belonging  to 
the  Lynn  V;.|ley  Zinc  Mines  (Ltd.i.  In  this  case  on  the  Kemptville 
I-.xtension  Clami  there  are  two  hedde.l  veins  of  steep  dip.  Kach  of  the 
two  lies  along  a  stratum  of  limestone,  in  the  maimer  in.licated  in  the 
annexed  plan  and  (hypothetical)  structure  section.  The  west  vein  is 
only  a  few  feet  from  the  ,,.ntact  of  the  batholith,  which  is  here  repre- 
sents by  a  strongly  hornblen.lic  granular  (|uartz-.liorite  (beerbachose 
H-e  Table  IV,  page  47,  .sjimplc  I).  The  (juartz  exhibits  slrain-.hadows' 
and  the  fel.lspar>  are  of  /.onal  structure.  f<,r  the  most  part  andesine  but 
with  zones  of  labradorite.  An  unusual  accessorv  is  pvrite,  in  addition  to 
the  commonly  occurring  magnetite  and  apatite.  The  alteration  products 
are  kaolm  and  sericite.     Penetrating  the  diorite.  and  extenrling  into 

'  Th,-  .,„.hor  is  un,l<T  much  ,.!,liKatiun  t,,  Mr.  I-.,nm„ns.  the  cn«i,u-.r  m  >  harKc- 
.11  the-  Kemptville  hxt.-nsi,.n  (Lum.  for  inlormatioii  .in.l  c.urUsv  in  facilit.itin-  the 
cxanunatiiin  of  the  [miptrtv.  " 


5S 


llil:    l.l()L()(,V    llF    VANfolAKR    ANIJ    ViriNITY 


ihc  Tfva.lan  Mlii.t,  arc  the  u^ual  veins  of  cpidote  and  quart/.,  which 
(.ccup\  fault-planes.  These  veins  e.xten.l  as  far  as  the  Hmestone,  a 
(listancc  of  about  thirty  feet,  an.l  then  api)ear  to  spread  laterallv  ahinR 
It,  forming  a  tabular  vein  parallel  to  the  linie>tone  bed,  which  contains 


ej-'^i'y.f^ 


P/jn   o/  Sxpojurgs. 


a  ir.rue  amount  of  si)halerile.  <  halo.pyriie,  pyriie,  and  |nrrhoiite  in  a 
Kanu'ue  ol  epi.loi,.  ;,i,.|  .|uarl/..  A  .onsi.lerahk-  amount  of  iron  pvrites 
in  ,ulie^  ha^  l.een  devclnpe.l  also  in  ihe  cunlry  rock  on  the  si.le  of  the 
veil,  oppoMle  to  the  limestone,  and  delinite  walls  are  hanl  to  tind 
Hiu'lur  up  tl-.e  hill  a  deposit  apparently  on  the  strike  of  the  western  ore 
b'.dy  I-  sud  I  ,  di.phiy  a  banded  alternation  of  galena  and  zinc  blende. 


K'ONDMIC   ASI'IX'TS 


5 'J 


In  tlii>  case  the  process  o' 
li-.-iurc- I'll  ling.     On  iht  ! 
arc  no  very  ilctinilc  wal 
rock.      There  is  no  doubi 


silion  would  ajipear  to  have  been  ordinary 

•iville  Kxtension.  on  the  other  hand,  there 

L  the  ore  fades  gradually  into  the  country 

occurrence  of  metasomatic  action  there, 


and  the  deposition  in  fissure--  farther  north  may  have  been  due  to  this 
action,  which  might  add  to  the  circulating  waters  in  the  fissure  reagents 
\Nliich  would  induce  precipitation,  as  in  the  fault-planes  adjacent  to  the 
limestone.  Besides  those  mentioned,  other  metallic  minerals  on  this 
and  adjoining  properties  are  molybdenite  and  magnetite.  Some  small 
Uxlics  of  chalcopyrite  and  pyrite  occur  along  the  actual  contact  between 
the  Texadan  schist  and  the  diorile,  but  most  are  within  the  Texadan 
along  the  various  limestone  lenses. 

Among  the  minerals  develoi)ed  in  the  crystalline  limestone  are  garnet, 
spinel,  plagiocla.se,  pyrite,  magnetite,  sericile,  and  epidote.  The  garnet 
is  a  lime-iron  variety.  These  minerals  are  all  characteristic  of  meta- 
somatic processes  at  a  considerable  depth. 

A  section  of  the  ore  from  the  Swayne  Copper  group  was  found  to 
consist  of  pyrite,  chalcopyrite.  and  magnetite,  through  which  are  dis- 
tributed rounded  grains  of  augite,  which  are  in  some  places  ma.ssed 
together,  and  their  interstices  occupied  by  garnet.  The  augite  and 
garnet  are  evidently  older  than  the  sulphides,  which  are  interstitial  where 
they  and  the  silicates  are  intermingled.  The  ore  bod>  is  said  to  be  a 
mineralized  zone  in  diabase."  .Much  ejjidote  vein-rock  is  also  present. 
It  is  possible  that  the  augite  in  the  ore  is  part  of  the  original  diabase, 
while  the  soda  and  lime  of  the  felds[)ar  have  been  replaced  bv  the  m-.tallic 
sulphides,  ami  the  residual  AIA  and  SiO,  of  the  feldspar  have  con- 
tributed to  the  formation  of  the  garnet,  together  with  small  amounts  of 
lime  and  iron.     This  would  agree  with  the  relative  ages  of  the  minerals. 

On  the  western  side  of  Lynn  Kidge,  near  the  contact,  there  is  a  lime- 
stone of  granular  texture  in  which  are  rounded  grains  of  brucite  which 
have  characteristic  streaky  extinction,  and  smaller  grains  of  pyrite, 
magnetite,  s[)inel,  and  plagiodase.  In  other  cases  e.Mdole,  colorless 
pyro.xene.  and  secondary  quartz  are  present,  as  well  as  brucite.  These 
rocks  seem  to  corresjiond  to  the  prcdazzitc  and  penratite  t\  pes  described 
by  Lenecek.'  The  tvpe  in  which  grains  of  iron  o\ide  and  sulphide  are 
present  would  be  pencatite.  though  perhaps  not  closely  ie[)resentative 
of  the  original  t\i)e,  in  which  they  >eeni  to  be  very  finely  .lisseminated. 

'  K,porl  of  III,  Miniil,  r  of  Minn  of  lUiliili  Culumhi.i.  i  )oS. 

'Ottokar  I.enccck,  Tschtrni.ik'-  Uiii^r.il.i^ii,  hi-  uiul  pdroir.iplii,,  h,-  M ,tt>  tiunien, 
XII  (.iSyU,  4-'y. 


6o 


Tin;  (,i:oiof.Y  OF  v.\\((irvi,R  and  vicinity 


The  olhcT  ty,.e.  in  which  col„rkss  pyrcxcn.  an.I  rjuartz  grains  appear 
corresFH.n.ls  fairly  well  with  pre,iaz/.iie,  th.,u«h  epi.iote  is  not  mentioned' 
in  the  original  t\i)e. 

The  fact,  as  to  ort-«e,.e>is  in  thi.  area  llu-refore  aj.pear  to  he  as 
Km  lows: 

u  The  ores   were   forme.!   by   the  action   of   hvclrothermal   ^.■aters 
which  were  the  last ,  or  near  the  last,  sta^e  of  the  igneous  action 

2.    Ihe>    were  forme.l  at  a  consi.lerahle  depth  l.elow  the  surface 
where  the  |)ressure  was  hij;h. 

i.  The  chemical  processes  whi,  h  look  j,lace  involved  the  removal  of 
taOfrom  the  nua.ied  rocks,  and  the  depo>ition  of  si|i,a,es.  especiallv 
of  l.me  and  iron,  ,ulphides  of  .inc.  lea,!,  iron,  copper,  an.I  m.>!vl,.lenum 
and  .r..n  ..xi.le  (magnetite)  in  their  stea.l.  The  imp.,rtance  of  the  Ca.O 
as  a  reagent  is  apparent  from  the  fact  that  where  it  is  absent  there  is  in 
most  cases  n..  ..re  l,.,.ly.  |,ut  ..nly  a  .leposit  of  epi.|.„e,  i..„h  within  the 
•';."  '"I'th  an.l  in  intm.led  ro.k.  (Vca>ional  «rain>  of  magnetite  an.I  a 
slight  amount  ol  ,|uarl/  al^o  are  .liscernil.le  in  the.e  veins.  The  trans- 
p..rtat,..n  .,.  large  .juantilies  of  metallic  ions  to  the  points  of  .lepo-ition 
must  have  involve.)  conMderahle  time.  .As  the  m.,vement  was  in  general 
ascen,  ling,  it  n,ay  be  argu.d  that  .litTusion  wasassiste.l  bv  a  ten.len.  v  to 
move  from  greater  to  I...  pr...ure,  indepen.lent  of  the  movement  ofthe 
l.qui.l  a,  a  uholc.  .\  po^^ble  explanati.,n  also  is  that  electrolvtic 
con.h.ions  were  establ„hed  owing  i  .  the  more  raj.i.i  cooling  of  the  rock 
in  the  /..nes  .,t  c.ntact  than  .leep.r  within  the  batholilh  whe.-e  the 
hydrothermal  waters  .iriginate.l. 

■Ihe  .le,,osits  of  Ihi.  area  mav  be  clas,i.le.l  either  as  contact  meta- 
m.,rphu  .leposit.  or,  where  tabular  an.l  locate.l  along  fault,  or  >hear- 
zoiies.  as  \iin-,  ol  the  .licper  zone. 

In  the  Hritannia  slates  .,f  CaMle  Towets  .Mountain  .sample-  of  cpper 
ore  were  .,bta,ne,|  by  the  lale  .Mr.  H.  H.  Korten,  an.l  the  ,ie,.osit  there 
while  n.,t  e.vtensiv,..  i.  probably  of  >innlar  type  to  that  of  the  Hritam.ia 
mineral  zone  in  which  auriferous  cpper  ati.l  ir.m  sulphi.les  .Kcur  as  an 
impregnation  in  quartz-.sericite  schist. 


CHAPTER  VIII 


KOCKNK 


Tiin  pi(;i.r  NKKiKs 

After  the  iMtru>i<>n  of  the  Cda^t  Balholilli-.  a  lim^'  perio.!  ensueii 
whose  onl>  reioni  is  erosional  I'his  interval,  it;  the  re^,'ion  here 
flescrihed,  occujiied  th  wholi  jf  the  Comam  hean  and  Cretaceous 
periods;  and  emsion  mtantime  [irogres-ed  far  enough  to  unnnif  the 
hathohths,  sinee  the  Koiene  deposits  of  the  I'u),'el  series  are  foun<l  lyin^ 
on  an  eroded  surfare  of  (horite.  The  contact  exix.sure  is  in  the  lower 
canyon  of  the  Capilano,  immediately  north  of  the  Keith  Road  bridge. 
The  diorite  surface  on  which  the  l)a-.al  niemher  of  the  Kocene  rots  has 
a  southerly  dip  of  ahoui  ly.  I  ue  hasal  mcniher  of  the  Pu^ei  series  is  a 
coarse  conKlomerale  which  consists  of  rounded  howlders  from  the 
hatholith  ami  Paleozoic  rocks,  imlie<lded  in  a  matrix  of  feldspaihic  sand 
in  which  llakes  of  a  ferr.imaKncsian  mineral.  pniKal.iy  mica,  ap[H-ar. 
ihe  \-erlical  ihiikness  of  the  c<inj;lcimerate  has  lieen  found  hy  a  lioriiii,' 
in  the  Capilano  Delta  to  exceed  J50  feet.'  The  stones  of  the  con^ilom- 
eratc  do  not,  as  a  rule,  exceed  a  fool  in  diameter,  and  are  mostlv  >maller. 

The  lirsl  heils  visihle  ahove  the  ha.-xal  con^rlomerale  ar  ■  the  ihick- 
bedded  somewhat  ferruginous  yellow  feld>[>alhic  sand-tone^  of  Pro^|)t-ct 
T'oinl.  and  -imilar  beds  are  exposed  at  variou-  points  along  the  south 
side  of  Burrard  Inlet.  e>^pecially  near  the  Cmadian  Pacilic  Railway 
station,  on  a  point  ju>t  west  of  the  sccoml  narrows  and  in  the  northern 
face  of  North  Mountain,  between  Hastings  ami  Port  .Moodv.  (n  the 
interval  helueen  the  e.x|>osure.  al  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railwav  wharf 
and  iho.-e  near  the  .-ccond  narrows  a  dipres-ion  in  the  rock  -urface 
exists.  underl\  ini;  the  l'-  neck  of  land  that  -ej)arale-  the  hea.l  of  Kalse 
Creek  from  the  Hurrard  Inlet.  Thi--  was  determined  b\  a  boring  made 
at  the  packiiiR-house  of  P.  Burns  S;  Company,  where  4S0  feet  of  drift 
were  |)enetrateil  before  the  rock  was  strui  k.  Cnforlunatelv  no  accurate 
account  01  the  strata  [lenetraled  below  thi>  d.pih  wa>  kept.  The  r  )cks 
are  stated  by  .\Ir.  Walter  Ray,  manager  for  the  comjiany.  lo  ,„ive  been 
s;indstone  and  shale,  among  the  latter  occurring  two  or  thr^e  very  >oft 
beds  whiih  were  dillicull  lo  drill  and  two  or  three  se.un-  of  coal  from 
I J   to  4   inches  in  thickness.     An  exceptionally  hard    bed.  pov-iblv  an 

'  l'roii-^>  r   \    (■    l,.iu-,ui,  |iri\.Ut'  1  uninuiih.  .ilimi. 


TllK    ClOI.oi, 


n|-    \A\((H\I  K    wn   \u  IMTY 


.n(uratc,l  fcMspaihic  s.n.lsl.,Mc.  was  fncmn-crcl  at  .,,00  feci   ami  the 
<in  hMK'  was  <lisc..nlinui.|  at  ..44S  fcTt,  as  m.  water  ha,l  l,een  .-ncu-itercd 
an.l  the  p,„hal,ility  „f  ol.tainipK  a  How  .ccmcl   t..  Ik   rc-moti-      The 
l)ott,.m  .,f  the  r.cKei.e  strata  was  n.,t  reaehe-i.     T„  ,he  east  „f  the  seo.n-l 
narrows  (he   Koane  strata  assume  ni..re  marke.llv  the  nature  of  an 
escarpment  l.or.lerinK  the  south  side  of  the  inlet,  an.l  the  resulting  ri.lpc 
known   .H..lly  as  North  Mountain,  attains  a  height  of  ,.,,,  f.,.,  „,  ,h; 
south  of  Harnet.     [t  is  ,,uite  a!,rupt  on  .he   ,„rth  face,  sloping  gra.luallv 
on  the  south  si.le  to  the  trough  of  Brunette  Creek  an.l  Hurnahv  Lake' 
Here  a  small  outcrop  occurs  at  an  altitu.le  of  about   so  feet    '   \  gap 
passes  through  the  ri.lge  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  North  .Arm  an.l  is  no 
doubt  a  trough  vallev   cut  by  the  glacier  issuing  from  that  f.oni,  while 
Hurrar.     Inlet   was  mcupie.!   bv  a  ,,ie,lm..nt   glacier.     The   trough  of 
Burrar.1  Inlet,  thn.ughout  its  length,  has  obviouslv  the  structure  pro- 
<luce.|  by  stream  erosion  on  a  sloping  contact.     The  height  .^f  the  cscam- 
ment  on  the  south  mMc,  t.,gether  with  the  -lip,  suggests  that  the  Eocene 
strata  ongmally  e.xten.ie.l  a  c.nM.lerablc  .listance  farther  north,  but  no 
outliers  have  been  foun.l  .,n  the  north  si.le  of  the  inlet  so  far  as  the  writer 
.s  aware.      I  he  contact  cr..s>es  to  the  n.,rth  si.le  of  the  inlet  about  two 
mties  northwest  of  Port  .M.k..1.v.     The  basal  cnglomerate  reaches  an 
elevation  of  ,40  feet  at  the  lower  fapilano  Canvon,  an.l  at  Wolfsohn 
Bay  and  northwest wanl  from   it   san.lstones  provisionallv  assigne.l  to 
this   formation   cxten.l    far   inlan.l.    presumablv  ,0  some  considerable 
clevatu.n.-     In  the  Ca.sca.les  they  have  been  f.^un.l  at  altitudes  of  from 
000  to  5,000  feet.' 

A  secti.m  „f  460  feet,  Iving  above  the  conglomerate,  has  been  recorded 
by  Ruhardson.  It  contains  a  few  be.ls  of  ,lark-re,l  shale,  an.l  was 
obtained  from  an  exploratory  .Irill-hole  on  the  south  si.le  .,f  the  inlet 
near  the  entrance.' 

F..ll<nving  the  west  si.le  of  the  Stanle>-  Park  i'eninsula  southwar.l  the 
sandstones  are  foun.l  to  be  inicrstratiCe-l  with  shale  and  to  contain  here 
an,|  there  small  streaks  of  lignite.     The  .li,,  averages  from  ,o°to  15°  south 

1  he  I'ugel  be.ls  are  again  e.xp..se.l  on  the  south  si.le  of  Knglish  Bav 

at   Kitsilan...  where  they  dip  .south   by  east    10°.     Thcv  are  also  well 

expose.|  in   the  Great   Northern   kailwa>    .utting  through  Grandview 

ileights  which  cros.ses  Commercial  k..:,d  t.,  ihe  eas,  of  the  hea.l  of  False 

'<>    i:-  I..K,.y,  ,./),„■.,  p.  .-4. 

f.u„f\..r,couv.r,  liX,     K,u,!  So.    <•.;«.  /,.o.  ,;,,,/  /V,„  .  „l  Scr.    Vol    I    '.cc    IV 
pp.   1,,     ,1   (l.Sg5).  ■     ■        '■  "■ 

>aiol.  Sun.  CanaJ.i,  K,  j,„rt  ,.t  /'r.^.r,,,.  i.s-..   77,  ,,.  ,.s,,. 


EorF.M-: 


6? 


Creek.  Here  and  at  Stanley  Park  there  is  evidence  of  gentle  anticlinal 
folds  which  have  a  north-and-soulli  ilireclioii,  or  transverse  to  the 
general  line  of  strike.  This  folding  may  have  taken  place  as  i;fie  as  the 
Plei>t(K-ene,  since  the  glacial  beds  ai)(>ve  have  undergone  some  faulting, 
and  the  rise  of  the  anticline  at  CJrandview  may  then  account  for  the 
interrupted  channel  between  False  Creek  and  Hurnahy  Lake.  The  most 
southerly  e.xjwsure  of  the  Puget  formation'  which  was  seen  is  in  the  bed 
of  Brunette  Creek  near  N'ew  Westminster,  but  there  is  little  doubt  that 
the  formation  underlies  the  whole  of  the  lowland  to  the  international 
boundary  and  beyond. 

The  shales  of  the  Puget  scries  afTord  fairly  perfect  leaf  impres.sions. 
These  have  been  stuilied  by  Sir  J.  \V.  Dawson,'  who  determined  the 
following  species  from  collections  made  by  A.  C.  I-awson,  G.  M.  Dawson, 
James  .Macoun,  G.  F.  Monkton,  and  C.  Hill-Tout,  at  Stanley  Park, 
Hastings  town  site,  and  elsewhere  in  the  vicinity  of  Vancouver. 

Ferns,  etc.: 

Lislri\i  fmhcri 
Si  uriipliris  dvicd 
LyniiJium  muropliroidei 
.1  splenitis  sp. 
GlyplKslrohus  euro  pi  us 

Palms: 

.V,;/.,i/  c^mphiUi 
\taitiiiiria  s|). 

t'vfHriaccac  (sedges): 
(  yprrilis  p<uii  iurnis 
L  iire.x  Viinmmercnsis 
t\irix  hurrdrdiiina 

Difotylcdons: 

Populus  hdsiiminoides 
I'opidus  rotundifolu: 
Stilix  viiriitus 
Salix  inlrgr,! 
I)\oph\Uum  stiinhyanum 
()(« r.  us  diiitoni 
Platanus  sp. 
Juiihms  dfiiliiuliilj 
Ai'siulitphyllum  (<p.  nov.) 
Ficus  stiiisli-nsis 
FiiUS  on  idtiitiilis 
I'liinrra  imiiita 
St-quoiii  hieri 

.And  dthcrs. 


■  Noted  by  Hauerman.  I'nol.  Sun.  Caivtii.i,  iS8j-.S(-84,  p.  lo  H. 
'  Sir  J.  \\  .  Dawson,  op.  tit. 


64 


riiK  (;k..i,().-,v  ok  vANcorviH  and  vkimty 


rh,s  ,Wa.  „Klu<l,„K  as  i.  .i,.-s  ferns,  palms,  selves.  cot.on-w.K«|s. 
w.  lows    ,«ks,  .,Ks.  an.l  rt-.iwo,Kls.  in.licat.-s  a   rlimate   prol.ahlv  con- 

.sul..raM>    warmer   Ihan   the  present,  l.ut  somewhat   c er  than   that 

repre>ente,|  In  the  Chin,  (Nanaimu  Kn.up).  which  un.lerlies  the  I'uifet 
■M  the  Mate  ui  Washington.  A  present -lay  climate  corresfx.n.linK  to  it 
;s  that  ol  central  California.  The  llora  as  a  whole  .K-cupies  a  -listinctlv 
.n.erme.l.ate  position  l,..tween  those  of  the  Chico  (Lpper  Cretaceous) 
an.l  the  S.millcameen  I.e.ls  of  the  interior,  which  are  OlipHene.  an.l  is 
smular  in  lacie.s  l„  the  Fort  Inion  or  Lpper  I.an.mie  flora. 

Allow,n«  ,„r  an  averaKe  southerly  .lip  .,f  ,0°  from  the  Keith  Roa.l 
l.n.lK-e  to  the  south  si.le  of  Kn^lish  Hay,  a  .listance  of  ,  miles,  the  strati- 
Kraphu  thukness  „f  ,he  .leposits  woul.l  he  ahout  4,,oo  feet,  an.l  as  the 
<l.p  seems  to  l.e  well  maintaino.l  for  that  .listance.  it  is  proUMe  that  a 
urth.r  thukness  i,  a.l.le.l  t.,  the  south  of  the  ac.  .ssil.le  he.ls.  The 
lotal   thukness   in    the   state   of    Washington    is   estimated   at    .0,000 

The  inalerials  whuh  ...mpose  the  formati.,n  in  the  Vancouver  area 
are   maniles.ly   near   ih.ir   source,   since   the   fel.lspathic   an,|   siliccus 
constMu.nts  have  not  heen  well  s..parate.l  l.y  trans,H,rtation.     Thev  are 
in  fact,  the  n.alerials  ..f  the  a.ljoininK  range,  as  sh.,wn  l.v  the  -ranites" 
s.h,sts,  an,    ,,uart.i,cs  .,f  ,he  .  omrlonierate.     The  am.lit  ions  seem   to' 
mve  l.een  those  ot  pie.lmont  .lep.,-,lion  in  shall,,w  water,  an.l  the  wh.,le 
f..rmation   ,s  in.i.r.l   re.ar.le.l  as  .-Muarine  l.v  J.   W.    Dawson.     Some 
p.'n...ls  „,  suhaerial  .leposiii.,,,  ar.-  in-li.ate.l  l.y  stumps  ,„  .;/„  in  the  coal 
hois  .,1  the    -u«et  ,S.,un.l  r..,.ion..     .Such  animal  fossils  as  exist  in.li.ate 
r.sh  ..r  l.rackish  water.     The  formation  asa  wh..lee.xten.|s  fr..m  Hurranl 
niet  nearly  ,0  the  Columbia   River  ah.n,  the  .es,  ...as,  Kcsvndine 
ts  e,|u,vaknts  in  time  elsewl.ere  are  ,m\ en  l,v   Dawson  as  the  CpiHT 
Laramie.  „r  (ort  Cni.,n,  the  Atane  Kenlluk  of  (Ireenlan.l,  .in.l  the  lignite 
series  o,  ,he  McKenzie  ki^cr.^     I,  ma.v  als..  I,..  „,ui.,d..n,  to  the  l.,wer 
Clarno  ot  the  John  Day  l,asi„..      ,  ,,e  l,„n,..,n  of  all  these  is  I'aleocene  or 
L,.wer     -.ocene.      Farther  south  th..  upper  part  of  the  series  i.  |,elieve.l 
..    -e  .Mi..cene.     The  name  nuntinj.'.|..n  formalion  has  Uv^n  Riven  l.v 

I  aly  .0  what  apiK-ars  t..  I.e  part  ..f  this  series  expose,!  f.   .,.,,,,  ,.j, 

ol  I.he  I  i.i-er  \alle>   near  ^unias. 


■  Srr  I    U     |),f,v-.>n.  „p   ,  :t 

•I      II     km. .lit, HI.  /    A.  („„/    .Si,ri_ 


luiiUlii; 


Eorr.NK 


ft"! 


((»(j/.— No  coal  M-ams  of  rommt-rrial  importana-  have  yet  Ihtd 
;lis(()vcre<i  in  lhi>  furinalion  to  the  north  of  the  intirnational  huun<lar>-. 

C7<iM.-  At  Ctayburn.  some  50  miles  from  Vancouver  hy  rail,ila\s  or 
-hales  of  this  formation  are  Mng  used  in  the  manufaiture  of  lire-liriik 
an<l  also  f„r  ordinary  i)res.e(i  l.riik.  The  tire-days  un.leriie  and  overlie 
a  thin  seam  of  iij-nite  whose  acid  secretions  have  acted  to  dissolve  and 
leach  out  the  iron,  maRnesium,  calcium,  and  alkaline  compoun.ls.  The 
former  of  these  metals  is  ordinarily  amonn  the  most  persistent  resi<luals, 


Nil  i.  "N'ut  Ml  rtfr.K  ■ 
l(ir>,  hut  fair  tire- 
liriik."     10  to  iofcft. 

Coal. 

N"  I.  Wry  rffractor>. 
IS  f'fl- 

Clay  stained  with  irmi 
oxi<lfi. 

\(i.  ,(.  "IliKhly  rcfrac- 
tiiry  china  clay"  .>o 
feet. 


I'ui.  11  — Soction  of  ri'fraUoP.'  clay  Im(I>  at  Cl.nl.uri),  I!  C. 


and  the  ordinary  clays  of  the  neiuhl)orhoo<l  contain  about  ()  per  cent 
FcX),  an<l  from  i  per  cent  to  (>  per  <  ent  of  CaC ).  The  followinR  analyses 
of  two  of  these  clays  are  taken  from  the  Re/>i>rl  of  the  Minister  nj 
Mines  fur  British  Columbia  for  1008.  The  fusibility-points,  as  state<l, 
would  place  No.  1,  in  the  class  of  -Flint  Clays,"  ado[>ted  by  Bleinin^er, 
and  No.  i  in  'No.  2— Plastic  Fire-Clays."  The  closeness  of  their 
af>|>roach  to  the  molecular  comj>osition  of  kaolin,  which  is  recojinized 
as  the  standard  of  purity,  is  indicated  in  Tables  VH  X.  The  No.  ^  clay 
is  raiher  siliceous,  but  the  amount  of  impurity  (metallic  o.xidesi  is  >mall, 
while  No.  I  has  ven.-  little  free  silica  but  a  hipher  metallic  content. 

i  he  action  of  the  acids  from  the  coal  seam,  as  indicated  by  the 
annexed  sen  ion.  ha-  been  effective  al)ove  as  well  as  below  the  seam, 
thouirh  more  strontrn-  in  the  downward  direction,  [f,  as  i>  to  l,e  sup- 
[K)sed.  the  acii.jn  took  place  below  the  ground-water  level,  where  the 


'"''  nil.    l.l.l.I.ix.V    ul     \\\(,MMK     \SI)\|(lMr\ 

mm.nunt  of  ilu-  wal.r  woul-l  l,r  s.ry  ,low  ami  in  uentral  horizontal. 
ililTuM.m  woul.l  auuuni  for  thi-  anion  in  the  upprr  stratum  of  .lav 
Ilu-  .omrntralion  of  the-  ,ron  oxiik-  in  ihv  .lay  Mralun,  intcrmdiaie 

I  \HI.I    \  II 

"N"     (■■    (I  W.    S|  ,,(  M    (nSK     ii 


SlO, 
Al,l), 

( ,l( ) 

Mk.iliiH  l.ilv.n  as  K,() 
W.it.r 


I'cTirfit.nfc 

1  -.[.U' 

M"l"i,l,r 

M.il.-.uUr 

Km.,  t,i 
\i,i>,  .1 



+   do 

+  101 

=  o  g75 

1    » 
1 

o  f,5 
o  o 
O    ■! 
o  o 

■i-ilio 

+  f,l, 

■i-    40 

-     004 
=     0 

=       01.' 

0  01  \ 

0  04   i 

')    i 

+    1,-i 

-0  ^, 

•  ir 

Al,<), 

ll;<  », 
(  ■..(  t 

Mk.iliis  l.iki-ii  a>  K,() 


lAiti.i:  Mil 

No     1    Vl  A\.  J.Kl.KH    CiiSK    ,\l 


(  ■■mp 


1^  55 


M"lnuUt       I       Moli^nUr 
WfiKht 


-  »>o 

■  lOi 

40 
'14 


M.vli^nUr 

KilM  10 

Kdti.i 

AU),  ., 

"=  I    ooq 

i  s 

-0  ,ii4 

1  0 

=      017 

0  04 

=      004 

°  °'  n  . 

■=      0 

=  0   0.' 

0  0; 

K.i()lin 
\..,  I  .  lay 
No.  ?  cla>- 


lABM-;  IX 
(■■iMi'\k\!ui    iMmt  Of  MoLutLAK  k.mo>. 


■iiO. 


AU), 

I 
I 
I 


Mf tjllii-  Otitic  tt  jip, 

o 
o   1 

o  05.i  o   17 


T\m,i:  X 

.'»1'I'K.>\IMUI.     M1MHU....I,    VI     CoMI'MMiioN 


No.  I 
\o.  ,, 


K.u.lin 
»()    IS 

7:     21) 


I  nv  -iin  :(  Impuntic 


-M     2(1 


4  4-S 
I    '5 


r(.t.ii 

100  08 
'I'l   70 


I  i«i  M 


07 


l>fl\vffn  clays  (ii  and  (<)  ronstituli-s  a  pn.l.lftn  f(ir  wh.i..  s<)luli..n  n.. 
.liluiiU-  ilala  .ire  availalile.  A  numlK-r  ol  tuMirclractory  Ih'iIs  an-  alx. 
u>t(l  at  C'layl.urn  in  llit-  manufai  ture  of  tile  and  pressed  hrii  k  of  stviral 
Lolors.  Fir(.-cU\N  exist  aUi  in  the  Hunlmndon  iortiiation  at  Siinta^ 
Mountain. 

Pilroleum. Si>mv  l>orin«s  have  Iwen  un<KTtakcn,  i-s[HHially  at  I'iii 
Meadows,  with  the  ohjett  of  imdinR  fwlroleuni,  tmt  these  have  so  l.ir 
proved  unsutcciisful. 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  ona  ISC  lESI  CHART  Nt,    2 


1.0 


LI 


1.25 


28 

m 

3  7 

72 

' 

2.0 

1.8 

1.4 

1.6 

^      -^PPLlEn  I^A^GE     Inc 


CHAPTFR  IX 

roSTKOciAi;  KKIPTU  |:s   iUL.WK  TIsK    HASAI.TS; 
The  effusive  eruptive,  at  Stanley  Park  an.l  on  Tairview  Heights  ha^e 
been  ,le>mhe,|  l,v  LeR.n-.     At  Stanley  Park  a  .like  exten.ls  from  Siwa.h 
R<Kk  to  Irospect  Point,  where  it  form,  the  eonspi.uous  columnar  wall 
seen   when  approaching   the  harhor  mouth   from   the   westward      The 
<l.ke  at  this  ,,oint  has  a  thickness  of  50  feet  and  rises  200  feet  above  the 
sea.     It  consists  of  a  "Kreenish-frray  non-[,urphvritic  quart^-trachvte 
with   irrcL-ular   vesicular  .avities  parfiallv   f, lid' with   quartz-crvstals 
shownK  pyramidal  terminations.-     The  vesicular  structure  '•which  is 
present  m  the  upper  par,  of  the  ma^.'  .lis^ippears  in  the  lower  portions 
and   the  rock  becomes  more  compact."     The  ,,resence  of  vesicular 
cav.t.es  m  the  upper  part  un.loubte.lly  indicates  that  this  portion  of  the 
cruptn-e  was  xery  near  the  upper  surface  of  the  lir,uid  mass  and  that  thi. 
surtace  was  subaenal.     After  e.xaminin,  with  some  care  e.xca^•ations 
that  have  been  made  smce  LeRoys  report  was  written,  it  seems  not 
improbable  that  the  upper  ,,arts  of  the  eruptive  e.xtended  hori.onlallv 
as  a  sur  ace  flow,  who>e  [.re.sencc  beneath  the  drift  and  humus  ma^ 
explau,  the   evel-topped  hill  that  occupies  several  acres  in  thi>  part  of 
he  park      If  these  rocks  have  been  exposed  ,0  erosion  since  Pliocene 
t.mes    wh.ch   ,s  possible,   it   is   ,„  he  supposed    that    a    consi.lerable 
part  ot  the  or.,.nal  supertlcial  extent  has  been  remo^ed,  and  that  onlv 
Remains  i"'"^^-'liatcly  adjacent   to  the   center  of  extrusion 

A  smaller  vertical  dike  some  six  or  eiu-ht  fee,  in  thicknes.  runs  in 
an  eas|-west  direction  a  short  distance  south  of  Siwash  Rock.  It  has 
a  moderately  well-developed  transverse  columnar  structure  and  is 
describe,  by  LeRoy  as  .lecomposed  andesite.  The  dikes  have  produ-e.i 
a  somewhat  porcelaneous  appearance  an.l  consistencv  in  the  feM.puthic 
sandstone  o,  the  Pu.et  series  for  a  .iistance  .,f  two  or'three  feet  from  the 
eruptive  contact. 

.\n  elTi^ive  mass  also  forms  the  upper  part  of  the  rid^e  of  Fairview 
Heiuhts.  It  'consists  of  phenocrysts  of  plaRioclase  feldspar  an.l  au.^ite 
.n  a  matrix  o,  the  two.  Magnetite  is  present  in  lar,e  amount  as  inclu- 
sions  in  the  aupite."' 

'  I.iKiiy,  up.  fi!,,  p.  jj. 

68 


III.     I.inri-    ir.,111     M ,1     Hi  ,.!,.,,,  l  |r.iiii    ihr     V    li-r-    l     ,  ii      rli> 

Ml    -ir.,l,,,h  ,.„  ,|„    ,i«|„  ,n,i  ,  ,,,,„   \|,„„„„„  ,,„  ,,„.  |,,|,  i||,„,ral,'t'h,.'a,.",r.l.',n/r'.,l 
■I'li'iil   liMl-    Alhir  \k'A,.|  lr..ni  .III.    ,,1   til.    hi.'li.  r  i„   ■'  i   ■■ 


11.  II   ~ll..A  II  ..11  .-i,  h   ,|,|,    ,,l    III. 


.u.ir.r     I, 


lii'  li  -lill  .  ..nl.ilii 


.      ,'";    '  ■■       "';    "I"'-    I"!-         Ir.nilli,    \m,t,.r,t  I.  .,r,iiu,r.iu 
111    III,     l..r.  LT..un.l    1.  ...Iiimn.r    ,n,l    ,,!.i..  ;..j..|,...l   l,.,   ..i.    i    i    ,   .• 

''■'-"i'-"!  I'.ir'  -I  :\-r  ni:„i,  r,;,i,  )(,,,;, I,.   '"  "'^••--■■' 


I  111-  liHisf  malirlal 

!n  thi   i.,A.r  -i..,n 


1'<JM-1.(JCE.SK.    KKt  PTIVKS 


LeKoy  also  drscrihcs  the  dTusivc  which  (xcurs  to  the  north  of  Watt's 
Point  on  Howe  Sound  as  correlative  with  the  two  airea.lv  rnenii..ne.!  ' 
It  has  two  i)ha.ses-a  su|)ertlcia!  one  of  hlaek  pitehstone  an,!  a  lower  t;ray 
rryptocry-talline  phase.     Both  are  vesicular,  and  the  hiack  s^lva-e  has 
columnar  jointin«.     Microscopically  hoth  phases  consist  of  -stoia  and 
slender  phenocry.o  of  au-ite,  and  a  few  tabular  in.livi.luals  of  medium 
lahradonte,  in  a  matrix  of  laths  an.l  aciculr:  forms  of  pkmiodase  and 
auKite,  ami  gray  or  brown  inotropic  ^lass.     There  i.  considerable  magne- 
tite in  minute  Krain,."     Mow  structure  is  e^pecallv  noticeable  in  the 
black  u|.per  phase.     The  rock  is  therefore  a  basalt  rather  than  an  ande- 
site.     Its  black  and  gray  phases  correspond  verv  well  with  Mn.ikir  tiha^s 
in  the  much  thicker  (lows  in  the  Black  Tusk  an.l  Table  mountain,  to  the 
north,  which  are  aUo  basaltic,  but  it^  lith..lo>;v  an.l  position  in  the  vallev 
ot  H.)we  Soun.i  will  be  sho^n  later  to  favor  the  hv|H)thesis  that  it  i.  <if 
much  later  a-e,  unless  faulting,  rather  than  erosi.,n,  can  be  shown  to 
have  played  the  greater  part  in  the  e^•ca^ati..n  of  the  valiev      While 
It  may  be  a-Imitte.l  that  there  are  other  reasons  for  entertainin-  .he  idea 
of  faulting,  the  !)etrol,.j,'y  of  the  rocks  a-ree-  much  more  nearlv  wiUi  th:M 
of  the  later  Garibaldean  series. 

In  the  reKi.in  which  exten.ls  northward  lr..m  .'b.unt  CaribaMi  there 
are  very  similar  r.)cks  which  f.irm  the  summit  of  Black  Tu^k  an.l  Table 
mountains,  an.l  it  is  probable  that  Columnar  .M..untain,  to  the  south  of 
Mount  Garibalfli,  also  consists  of  lavas  of  the  sanu-  perio.j      Blai  k  Tu^k 
Mountain  is  an  isolate.l  j.eak  which  rises  ab.mt  .moo  feel  from  the  tlo-.r 
ot  the  frrace  north  of  Lake  Garibaldi  an.l  attains  a  total  heiijht  of 
7,35°  leet  (anen.i.l).     The  first  700  feet  above  the  ba-,e  ctiMsl  of  tilted 
be.is  of  the  Te.xadan  an.l  Britannia  formations,  ,.n  whose  truncate.l  upi-er 
surface  lies  a  thickness  of  about  f.oo  feet  of  -rav  porphvrite  havinK  a 
crypt.wryslalline  sroun.lma-s.     It  is  i„  part  c.lumnar  in  structure  and 
in  parts  .iivi.le.l  by  parallel  joints  into  a  ma>s  of  plate,  about  one  inch 
in  thickne..  which  .li.splay  various  ra.iial  an.l  booklike  arMn-ement. 
but  are  in  neneral  vertical.     On  top  of  ihi.  i>  a  pinnacle  of  black  basalt 
of  vitreous  luster  about  800  feet  in  heidil.     It  ha.,  columnar  structure 
but  the  column.s  are  in  general  smaller  than  those  ,,f  the  «ray  rock 
beneath.     Near  the  contact  of  the  two  types  there  is  a  certain  amount  of 
mi  lava  which  weather,  t,>  an  earthy  product.     Thi,,  a,  far  as  coul.l  be 
readily  -letermirie.l,  appear.,  to  have  been  of  vehicular  texture  an.l  may 
therefore  represent  the  surface  .,f  the  -ray  lava,  ben-ath.     The  columns 
m  the  Black  Tu.k  p'nnacle  are  irrc-ulariy  or  ra.iially  arran-ed  aiwl  are 

'//'/■</.,  p.  JO. 


IKi 


I.I  un,l,V    ,iK    \   \\(,,r\|.l;     \M,    \i,  iMiv 


^rn  h,  nnr  a.lx anta.t:.  in  ih.  imnunM-  .l.ll  nhi.h  ,.n  ih.  eastern  .i,le 
overlKu,,.  a  .in,,,..  lea.linu  In  th..  n,.rt|,uar.l.     Tiu-  l,.,v..r  lava  contains 
.ncluH.w,.  n,  the  ol.kT  (I'ako.cm  .  i,.,r,,hyrit..,  an,|  in  ..ne  place  a  howl.ler 
">  I  ritannia  .on^lnnuTate  traverse,!  l,v  a  small  apoplusis  „f  ,he  Jura  h.- 
I'a.lu   „h    wa.   found   in,l,e,!,lc-l   in   the   law,.     The  pinnacle   ha,  l.een 
>h..u.l,t  to  l,e  a  volcanic  ne.k,  l,ul  invcMi.L'alion  leads  I.,  the  c„neluM.,n 
that  „  „  a  remnant  „f  an  upper  vitre-.u^  How  uhieh  .ncrli.s  ,he  .-rav 
■HHia  lava.     It  pn.hal.ly  formed  a  nunatak  durinu  the  exi^ten.  e  01",!,;. 
a.-  shcrt,  as  uvli,  ated  l,y  its  ja^ued  outline  and  the  ,,re,enee  of  nnu  h  loose 
material  on  ils  ,umn,it.     The  surface  of  the  lower  part  of  the  flow,  uhieh 
extends  westward  horizontally  for  some  distanee  from  the  l.ase  of  the 
I-innaele,  at  an  altitude  of  ahout   0.500  feet   displavs  evidence  of  ice 
action.      I  he   lusk  itself  is  surrounded  on  its  west  and  south  side  .  I,v  a 
talus  of  broken  columns,  and  on  its  north  and  ea>t  sides  forms  the  «all 
ol  deep  snow-tilled  cirf|ues. 

On  the  southwest  sjde  of  Garihaldi  Lake  the  same  rcnks  are  expos,-,} 
over  an  area  ahout  three  miles  from  north  to  south  hv  a  mile  and  a  half 
iromeast  lowest.    The  <;ray  undc-rlyinj;  portion  forms[,art  of  the  platform 
on  whuh  the  later  volcanic  cone  of  Red  Mountain  stands,  and  the  ,.osi. 
Kocene  lavas  are  somewhat  dii]kull  to  distinpuish  macr«sco|.icallv  from 
the  Krav  lavas  of  ,he  CJaribaldi  eruptive  series.     The  p..st-F.ocene  lavas 
l.ave,  how,,.^er.  in  general,  a  more  weathered  appearance  and  a  distinct 
system  of  jomts  even  where  not  markedly  columnar,  and  arc  separated 
by  a  very  considerable  erosion  interval  from  the  Garibaldi  Pleistcj.ene 
volcamcs.      I  he  relations  of  the  two  sets  of  lavas  are  best  understood 
hy  relerence  to  Fi.,.  ,.4,  p.  ;,.     The  greater  part  of  the  "  post- Kocene - 
ar,..a  con.sist.s  of  Uk-  lower  gray  la^  as,  which  in  M.me  [.arts  display  remark- 
ably perlect  columnar  structure.     The  columns  are  as  frec|uentlv  hori- 
zonta    as  vertical,  and  no  great  continuity  in  their  arrangement  was 
anywhere  observed.     .\[  ihe  southern  end  of  the  area  a  flat-topped 
remnant  ...    the  upper  pilchstones   -known  a>  -The  Table")   lies  upon 
the  Kra>  lavas,     h  ,,  ai,„  columnar  in  structure,  the  diameter  of  the 
columns  being  less  than  those  of  the  gray  lavas  underlving,  and  the  two 
>pes    lure   correspond    with    those    in    the    lilack    Tusk    Rid-o      The 
basaliK-  rocks  o|  Columnar  .Mountain  lie  in  a  continuation  of  the  line 
irom  Hlack  Tusk  through  the  Table  Mountain  area,  and  the  three  areas 
ai.|.arent  y  represent  an  originally  continuous  belt  extending  due  north 
an.    south  for  about  twelve  or  thirteen  miles,  and  not  over  two  miles  in 
""'!"•      Ihe  granite  peaks  of  Castle  Towers  and  Sentinel  mountains 
rise  inunechately  to  the  east  to  a  height  somewhat  greater  than  that  of 


iMST-t;(.ri;\i    FRfPTiVKs  (pi  \(k  ti-r  ii\>\iim 


71 


'mi' 


m 

F- 

K' 

c 

"X' 

< '' 

•^ 

A 

:5 

^'. 

i^ 

J) 

<  . 

i 

^ 

|2 

""'  T'"-    '■'••'lln,,v    ,,|.    vwcfirVH;    AM)    VICINlrV 

tlH-  l.u..-  an,|  ar.-  .iivi,|..,l  ,r„n,  ih..n,  hy  valleys  oi  mud,  later  „ri.in 
h.  .hole  .,„.,...,.  ,ha,  „u.  l,as.l,.  now...|  alon«  a  vallcv  excavate,?  i„ 
ifH-  nl.l.T  \  ,.|,..„..K  arul  Jura.Me  r.,.  k>,  whi.  I,  at  that  time  must  have  ha,! 
a  t„,,„^-ra,,h,r  relief  „f  nu,re  than  .,000  feet,  Mtue  the  summit  of  Castle 
l.-er^  -X  .rnruain  i.  at  8,000  feet  elevation,  while  the  f,ase  „f  the  lavas 
i"  HIM,  I.  I  ,,,k  l<„lee  has  an  altilu,le  ,.l  al„,ut  0,000  feet  (  Fi^    , ;;,      The 

l^M-  Mnuntam  an,l  the  summit  ,.f  Sentinel  Peak  a  mile  farther  east  is 
.'t  leaM  ,.w  teet.  Their  .un,mil.  are  about  e,|ual  in  heiuht.  The  lava 
her,.  h,,~  therefore  a  ,le,,th  of  about  ,.,00  feet.  Its  ,„,.  an,|  that  of 
S.ntm..|  e.ak  may  represent  a  level  of  erosion  subsequent  t,.  the  vukan- 
ism    or  the  vall.y  may  have  be.n  lompletelv  hlle.l  bv  the  lava 

y^'-  ;''l'>y  '"  -hi'li  >lH'  lava.  .„m;.ale,l  was  probablv  above  sea- 
lesel  at  the  tune,  though  n..t  more  than  a  few  hun,lre,l  feet' at  the  point 
'M  MUeMion.  as  It  appears  to  have  been  somewhat  mature  an,|  therefore 
"1  .senile  ..ra.henl.  Thi.  in.li.ate,  a  sub,e,|uent  rise  of  fr,m)  4,000  to 
.vooo  t.et   ,or  ,he  region.      If  the  bas,.l..  on  the  north  si,le  of  Watfs 

'"■".  ■vhHh  are  at  s^.-k-vel.  lulon^  t,.  the  same  How.  it  appears  that 
'"at  part  o)  the  valley  is  now  at  about  the  same  level  as  when  the  lavas 
were  extru.le,!,  an.l  faulting'  mu.t  be  relie.l  upon  to  explain  the  relative 
levels  ,„.  ,!„■  two  lavas  near  th..  hea,l  of  Howe  .Soun,l  an,l  at  Columnar 
^buuua.n.  I  he  ,l,l.eren,e  in  elevation  between  the  base  ..f  the  Black 
I  >i^k  ,,rea  an.l  that  of  the  Tabl..  .Moumain  area  un,loubte,!lv  in,li,-ates  a 
•u.lt  -.1  ,a>t,,n,l-we.|  tren.l  alonu'  the  north  shore  of  Lake  (Jaribal.li 
i>e  enarpmen,  of  whi.  h  exten.is  from  Castle  Towers  Mountain  to  the 
(-heakani,,us  \alky  alon^  the  line  of  .Stonv  Creek 


i'i,rKiu.,)i;\   AM)  iiikkki.ahon  ,,f  nir.  lavas 
Tiie  ro,  k.  „f  ,hi.  ,erie.  have  been  previou-lv  .leseribe,l  as  an,lesites  ■ 
•'n.l  n,,.  ,,-  bastlts.  presumably  .oliouinL;  a  elassitieati,.n  whi.-h  -iistin- 
HUi^lies    ii.i-alt    fron  ■     •       ■ 


Mil   an.lesite   by   the   presence  of  olivine   in    the   tir^t- 

n>ent„Mu.l.      In  the  ,.resent   paper  i;:neous  nnks  are  elassitie.l  on   the 

bas,..„  ,he  lel.Npars  they  contain,  an,!,  following  thi,  melho.l,  the  rocks 

at   present    un,ier  .liscu.sion  are  i,asalts.  or  at    most   an,lesile-basalts 

since  m  .^ome  cases  the  zonal  feMspars  are  in  part  an,lesine,  thoujzh  f,',; 

he  n.ost  part  labra.lorite.     Table  IX  in,li,a.es  suflicientlv  the  similari- 

.es  an,l  .hssnmlaritie.  between  the  e.YuMve.  which  have  been  assi^ne,! 

to  this  ser.es  at  their  variou.  occurrence^  ui.hin  the  region  e.xamined. 

'  "    I-  lAK..y.  Crvl.  S„r:.  I  .„uula.  PMu  .Uion  ^^6.  ,,,,.  ,-,  ,o. 


Posr-i.KiM    i,krn:vh,,  (mi.uk   ii  sk  ii\-ali>i  -. 

It  will  be  MTH  that  the  VVatf-  Point  has.lt  .lilT.rs  fn.m  thr  ntlur- in  the 
ahsencc  of  ma;;nftitr  in.luMons  in  the  auL'itc,  in  thr  ,.,Ti,,h:.M«  on  tht- 
amount  of  maKnitif  in  the  f;roun.hi,a>s,  an.l  in  ihr  al,.,,,,,  oi  hynrr 
tlinu-.     In  all  ol  tiuM-  rf>iK(ts  it  aj-rcrs  with  thr  lava>  of  th^-  (.irilnlHi 
MTii->.  an.l  It  ha>  tlur.fore  l.trn  a-->i;.MRMl  to  ih.n>.     In  the  al,...,uf  of  ■. 
<knnitc  .ictrrm.na.ion  of  th.-  f.LUpar  at  Jair>i,w  Heights  l,v  I  ,Rnv   ,h',. 
[.re..na-  ol  au^itcs  lllU.,!  «-,h  nia^in.iit.  in.  luMon.  s.,.n,.  to  in.piv  'that 
thN.-lTu>:vv  IS  to  }„■  ,orr.lat..l  with  thoM'  ,,|  thr  Ula,  k  Tu,k  and'Tthk- 
Mountain   area..      111.   laM    two  an-   thrrefor.   prol.ahlv   ,,om-I  o.  ..„■ 
Mna.  the  Fairview  ..lTu>ixc. .  .ts  the  I'u«el  forn,ation.     Thev  ar.  non  herj 
|.vrrla.,i   l.y   r.Hk>  of  earlier  than   I'k.i.toun..  a.r.  an,l   ih.ir  ,,oM„on 
iH-twcrn  these,  hniit.  must  he  a  matter  of  prolul.iiiiv-  at  I.e.i       \nio„,r 
the  ta.tors  that  hear  upon  the  question  of  their  .k-.tc  are  the  foljowini;- 
I.    The  extent  of  the  suhscjuent  erosion.      I  he  upp.r  ,urla, ,   of  ih,- 
Kiva,    AhRh   n.ust    hav.-   hven   at    tirst    eonM.lerahlv    hdow    th.   in 'iur 
Clements  of  the  .urroun.iini;  topo;;raphy,  i,  now  ^x■rv  n.arK   or  nuite 
aeeor.iatit  with  the  general  sunmiit  level  of  the  ran«..  while  it:  l,a>e  i.  in 
ol.serve<l  cases  5,000  feet  ahov.  the  bottom  of  the  ,l....p..r  vall.-v,  a.ijom- 
m«.     In  tiu.  create,-  , art  of  the  area  i,  i.  ..i.hnt  that  s.v.ral  hun.lre.i 
leet  of  the  lava  ttsell  has  been  removed.     This  would  not  b.  .onelu>ive 
ev.denee  of  a^e  greater  than  early  I'b-istocene.  i...„  post-.M.-thow.  and 
before  lull  Knt.al  maturity,  if  w.  make  thr  .umn.it   h.^ .  j  of  tin-  ra,,.-. 
e(juivalent  to  the  Mcthow  (.f  Smith  and  Willis. 

2  The  chloriti/ation  of  ferromaKnesian  u,n,tituent.,  notablv  au-ite 
wh.eh  .s  m  many  ca,e.  com,,k.te,  and  the  development  of  a  small  anumnt 
of  kaolm  w.th.n  the  feldspar  require  a  eon>iderable  amount  of  time 
there  are  also  certain  jointing  etTects  which  ai.j.ear  to  be  due  to  .ub- 
se<iuent  earth  movement  rather  than  to  coolinfr.  The>e  fact,  and  the 
aniount  01  e.-osion  sutTered,  place  the  lava  a  defmitelv  older 'than  the 
Ganbaldean  la\a. 

3-  The  immense  quantities  of  similar  ba>alts  .-rupte,!  in  clo-dv 
adjomtnK  rcRion.s  during  the  early  and  mi,ldle  Miocene  alTord  a  ^tronir 
presumption  that  those  in  the  ret-ion  under  consideration  are  of  th-  v.mr 
ase,  and  .t  seems  therefore  possible  that  these  ar,  .0  be  correlated  uith 
the  raneum  andesites  or  ^•akima  basal,,  of  Wa.shinKton  an,!  with  the 
Miocene  basalts  of  the  interior  plateau  of  iiritish  C.lumbia  With  the 
t.rst-mentioned  they  have  a  litholouieal  agreement.  The  rock-  of  ,hi, 
series  irom  the  Mount  Garibaldi  re.don  are  hvperMhere  basalt,  or 
under  the  old  classification,  hyj.ersthenc  andcMle.  ,,.  general  ihev' 
may  be  said  to  consi.,t  of  a  f-roundma.ss  of  pla,docla.se  microliths  and 


74 


nil    (,i 


ili.S     'II      \  \\1  CI  A  I  H     \\l)    \  K  INUN 


maRmiit.  jrraii,,  «ii|,  m.,rr  or  K.s  int.r>.  rial  brown  ylas,.  in  «hi.h  an- 
-F>arin;:lv  Mati.rr.l  latlw  of  lahra.loriu.  an,|  hv|KrMh.n,,  lari-rr  zonal 
|>lau'i.M  la,,-,  whuh  vary  from  an.JiMnc  to  ial.ra.loritc  or  l.vlnwniti-  an,| 
iKU.-  ,;.„,.rally  imlu^ions  of  ;;|as>  ,,iti.n  Imruontallv  arranKcl  ami 
[.HLKlomorphi.  nia^sf.  of  auKit,-  o.nlainint'  lari;,-  amounts  of  ini'lu-U-.i 
maKnititc  an.l  hi-maiitr,  whuh  ha,  ofun  I  he  oulliias  ( haractcrislic  ..f 
hornhk-n.l..  an.l  has  hirn  |.ro.luc.-.l  l.y  tUMon  ..f  thr  hornhlcnde  crystals 
whi,  h  ha\  ,■  rn TV  sialli/i.,1  as  auKito  with  a  sc[,arati..n  of  ir.m  oxi.le  Thi- 
ni.prr  Hows  are  more  v.trvous  lypi-s  of  css^'niiallv  thi^  same  ma^ma 
<"Mia,nm«  a  larKir  amount  of  da,,  an.l  more  tnl.ular  piaKiorlases  in  the 
^Toun.lir.ass, 

A  Miorcne  lava  whi.  h  ,!.,,Hv  risinihks  tluu  of  ihv  HIark  Tusk 
series  is  the  "Taneum  an.lcsin..  of  (;.  ().  Smiih,  a  'hvpersthcne  amiesile' 
with  phenoirysts  suhor.linate  in  amount  t.)  the  Kroundmass  The 
plaKiotlasc  phennt  rysts  arc  zonal  an.l  i  hietlv  lal)ra<lorit»-,  The  pyroxene 
IS  represented  Usually  l,y  repla.ement  material,  which  appears  t„  t,e 
■d.linjjsin.,  Ihese  pseu.lomorphs  ^enerailv  show  the  eharaelerislic 
outline  ,.f  hy,,ersthene,  which  was  without  d..uht  the  principal  fcrro- 
ma^'nesian  const  it  uenl.  The  an.iesite  «enerally  is  con,i,leral,lv  altered 
Acce„ory  .oMsiuuenis  are  magnetite  an.l  apatite.  The  f.'roun<lmass  is 
hyi.orrystailine,  sh.nvin,'  laths  an.l  ,.r.,ms  of  plagiodase  an.l  replace.! 
p>r.)xene."  ' 

At  Clealum  Point  on  the  ^•akima  River.  WashinRton,  a  rock  clo^elv 
associated  with  the  Taneum  occurs  which  contains  brown  hornhlend'e 
in  a.!d,ti..n  to  |.laKi..clase  an.l  hypersthene.  while  the  uroundmass  con- 
tains pla.,'i,.clase  lai  lis  and  grains  of  ,|uart/.  and  orlhoclase.  The  Taneum 
andes.te  and  flealum  Point  rock  are  placed  by  C.  O.  Smith  in  the  lower 
.Miocene.  I  he  more  acidic  phases  present  are  somewhat  comparable 
to  the  quari/.-irach\  te  of  l'r.>s,,irt  Point.  Stanlc-y  Park 

On  the  ..ther  han.l.  hyper,thene  an.lcite  was  erupt.-d  in  the  Tieton 
basin  .„  central  Washington'  in  Pleistocene  times  after  the  uplift  of  the 
•Methow.  an.l  has  since  been  ero.le.l  bv  the  Tieton  River  The  third 
point,  that  ol  hthological  resemblance,  might  therefore  be  decided  in 
favor  ol  either  .Miocene  or  Pleistocene  age. 

Summin     up  the  cn  idence,  there  is  evident  phv^iographi-   dilT.culty 
.n  making  this  lasa  ol.ler  than  the  summit  level  peneplain  (,ee  chap   xi 
p.  Q'.',  though  the  possibility  of  ,uch  an  age  is  di,cusse.l  in  the  place 
referre.!  to.     Un  the  other  hand,  the  weat luring  an.l  jointing  of  the 

'  '  ..V.  C'fl.  Sun..  Moiiiil  St'iirl  frlio  doii'.  p.  7. 

'  '..  ".  >n,ith  .c,„l  li.„k.y  \\,lli„  r..S.  O..VI.  S„n.,  Professional  I'.prr  „.  p.  ,8. 


CnM-KiKIM     KKfPriMs    (111  \IK     H  .K    MA>M.l>l 


r."  k  |.r..M'  only  ih;il  it  i,  somfwhal  ol-lcr  than  the  Mouni  (;:iril.alili  an<l 
k.'l  Mountain  iavas,  from  whidi  ii  i^M-paraltd  l.y  an  <T.»ion  ini.rval. 

I  ho  tvidcnii-  a>  a  -.vholc  M'cm->  to  favor  tin-  Ihiory  tliat  these  l.ivas 
Acre  (Atru<U<l  after  the  elevation  of  the  summit  level  ha.i  I.e-un  and 
uhile  llie  >ui.M(|Urnl  Kniiat  ero.jon  vvas  >till  in  pronress,  liut  had  not  as 
>.l  rea.  hed  the  lull  malurily  to  uliich  it  attained  helore  the  -  r«i-.p' 
uplift. 

The  peculiar  agKreuations  of  mau-netite  with  a  y.  How  mineral  inter- 
sertaliy  plaecd,  whieh  have  as  a  whole  the  outlines  of  hornblende  ervstals. 
are  pnthalily  to  l>e  accounted  for  Ky  a  process  of  resorption  very  similar 
to,  if  not  identical  with,  that  described  l.y  Kosenhusch,'  in  which  basaltic 
hornblende,  when  the  maKma  will  no  K.ntier  sup|Kjrt  it,  becomes  replaced 
l>y  magnetite  an<l  auRite.  That  these  are  due  to  the  presence  of  horn- 
blende in  the  mapma  orij;i,ially  is  also  rcndere<l  more  probable  by  the 
occurrence  of  basaltic  hornblendes  in  some  bowlders  from  the  fapilano 
Valley  drift  which  may  be  ascribed  to  this  formation.  In  these,  brown 
basaltic  hornblendes  are  surrounded  by  reaction  rims  of  iron  o.xide,  or.  in 
many  cases,  partially  re()laced  by  auyite  in  grains  arranged  in  rows 
around  their  borders  and  filling  out  pseudomorj.hously  the  orii,'inal 
outline  of  the  eroded  hornblende.  .\  further  noticeable  point  in  favor 
of  resorption,  as  o[)posed  to  secon<lary  alteration,  consists  in  the  fact  that 
the  Kroundma.s  around  the  maj,'netite-au>,'ite-chIoriie  [.seu<lomor|.hs 
dis|)lays  an  arrangement  of  its  microlilhs  in  flow  lines,  while  no  such 
phenomenon  is  noticeable  around  the  borders  of  the  hypersthene  and 
labradorite,  which  are,  moreover,  themselves  almost  entirely  unatTecte.l 
by  >econdary  alleratioti.  The  outlines  of  the  i.seudomorphs  also  are 
rounded  as  if  by  [lartial  fusion. 

The  writer  has  not  microscopically  studied  the  rode  described  by 
LeRoy  from  Fairview  Heights,  and  the  su>,'fiestion  that  it  is  probably 
the  litholo-ical  e.iuivalent  of  the  Black  Tusk  basalts  i>  therefore  made 
.somewhat  tentatively.  Moreover,  there  is  no  Kroun<l  other  than  lilho- 
logical  on  which  these  etTusives  can  be  certainly  correlated  with  Hlack 
Tusk  basalts.     Their  a«o  is  i)osi-i;ocenc  and  pre-.\diiiiralty. 

Economu-.—Thi-  eruptive  rock  of  Stanley  I'ark  has  been  used  to  some 
e.xtent  in  the  park  itself  as  road  metal,  but  it  is  [.robable  that  less  vesicular 
types  of  rock  will  be  found  much  su|)erior  for  that  purpiwe.  A  (luarry  at 
I-airview  Hei,L;hls  has  furnished  a  considerable  (|uantity  of  the  erui)tive 
there,  which  has  been  found  somewhat  too  easily  crushed  for  road  metal, 
but  used  to  a  considerable  extent  as  railway  balla.st. 

'  Koscnbusch-Iddings,  Microscopic  l\lroir.,phy  of  Ko,k  forming  Mincrats.  [..  joS. 


ill!     H.iiU>l.\    ,,t    V,\N((>1  \|  K 


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l«  *  . . ''  J  Jurassicfgrdnifei 


=3  Miocene?  (hya  5) 


TopJ^r^if'ry  ty    W  J  Cray 

ConTour  /nftr^uj  about jLOo/f 


CHAF'TKK  X 

Tin.  (,\KII1\I.|)I   \()I.{\NIC  lOkMAIION' 

A  ilf-^iription  of  tlii'  Garibaldi  volianii  s  tli(iii},'h  -nmcwliat  foreign 
to  the  aita  which  is  niDrc  es|)i'tially  uinler  ili^c  ussion,  is  nwTssiiry  to  a 
complete  conception  of  the  Kcolojiical  history  of  the  region.  In  l)riet. 
the  formation  con-ists,  >o  far  as  at  present  known,  of  three  volianii 
cone>,  namely.  Mount  (Jarihalrli,  Red  Mountain,  and  a  small  cinder- 
cone  northeast  of  Red  Mountain,  toRether  with  lava-llov^^  which  have 
manifestly  i>ri«inated  from  the  same  vents.  The  whole  formation  rests 
unconformahly  on  a  surface  which  indud  >  Paleozoic  roof  remnants, 
granitic  roiks  of  the  denuded  hatholith,  tl  ilder  lava-  (the  Hkuk  Tu-,k 
basalts),  and  in  some  instances  on  I'ki-toiene  glacial  deposits.  The 
cones  themselves  stand  on  a  surface  which  i-  considered  to  he  a  valley 
floor  of  the  F.ntiat  stage  of  erosion,  while  the  lavas  have  flowed  in  some 
cases  into  valleys  of  the  Twisp  and  Chelan  stages.  I'he  la(  t  that  no 
cones  have  been  found  in  these  lower  \alle\s  hy  Lekoy,  Hancrofl,  or 
others  who  have  made  extensive  studies  of  the  coast  and  iu;rds  at  se-a- 
le\el  seems  to  indicate  clearly  enough  that  the  commencement  of  the 
vulcanisni  took  |)lace  before,  or  contemporaneously  with,  the  uplift  to 
which  the  Twisp  canyon-cutting  was  due,  and  that  the  drainage  lines 
were  so  dellected  by  the  growing  \iilcanoes  as  to  locate  the  canyons 
elsewhere.  I'here  was  a  distinct  erosion  interval  between  the  Black 
Tusk  and  Garibaldi  lavas.  The  e.xtrusion  of  the  latter,  therefore, 
probably  began  late  in  the  Kntiat  stage  o.  erosion. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  pr'^sence  of  lavas  in  the  deeper  \ alleys,  or  in 
some  cast-  u[)on  their  sides,  show.s  that  the  eruptive  action  continued 
during  the  excavation  of  the  valleys.  The  lava  area  at  Watt's  I'oint  on 
Howe  Sound  is  of  this  tyjie,  since  its  base  is  near  or  in  some  cases  below 
sea-le\el.  and  its  [wsition  as  a  whole  indicates  a  great  addition  to  the 
depth  ol  the  valley  since  its  de()osition.  It  is  in  all  probaliilitv  an  erosiwn 
remnant  of  a  tlou-  which  maile  its  wa\-  down  the  jiarllv  excavated  .S(|uam- 
ish  Valley  from  .Mount  Garibaldi,  a  distance  of  twelve  or  fourteen  miles. 
Remains  of  this  or  othe--  tlows  may  be  seen  resting  on  the  east  slope  of  the 
Cheakamous  Valley  along  the  Lillooet  road.     .\  llow  from  Reil  .Mountain 

'  C(.  K.  .\!.  Hiirwash.  Journal  Gn'l.ny.  A|iri|.M,iy.  kju.  and  I'.ip.rs  Kr.ui  lirfore 
the  British  t  oUimbm  Audimy  of  Scicni  r  ii^i,)  i^i  \  (Vunicjuvcr.  1414).  p.  (,-. 


III!      M  "lMc,^     ,,(     \   \S(  1,1  M  !■ 


\M>    \  l(  INI  IS 


ha-  ...mplH.ly  ,|,,nim,.|  tin-  v.ilUy  ni  st,„iy  Crrck.  a  iril.uiarv  of  ilu- 
Cfuakani.iii-.  |)ro,lu(inu  a  lakr  tlinc  riiili-  in  IcriL-ll..  rii,-  i1..,n  has 
<\.T>  app.ararRcol  luin- r<<  ciii  iria-.^.a-  il  ov.rri.U- ninrainii  nialirial 
an.l  Mriat.-.l  n.<k  Mirlaii-,,  an.l  i-  iln-ll  inlirtly  un-ku  iali-.|,  a-  i-  al-o 
thr  u.-icrn  (..nc  oi  Kcl  Mouiiiain.  Irnm  uhn  h  il  wa>  ivvirudnl.  Mount 
(larihaMi,  on  tht-  olhrr  hand,  ha-,  u.i.kri:onf  a  mtv  ,..n-i.kTal,lc  anioiinl 
of  .K'ra.lation  -,i,ui-  is  l,iiil,li„.j.  and  il,  -id.,  ari'  d.rplv  iro.k'.l  l,y 
ravine-  and  tir.iut-,  in  which  ihc  <|iia'jii:u  t  r-al  dip  oi  ii-  -Iraiitiid  lra^;- 
mrnlal  n-atcrial-  and  lava-  mav  ],v  \\v\\  •^vvu. 

The  lo(u-of  ihr  \uiiani-ni  lie-  uill  up  u,  I  he  a\i-  of  I  hi-  Coa-I  kan-f, 
-irid-  no  Ira.c-  of  ii  have  Inrn  found  alon-  iIr.  marL'iii  of  thv  ran^c 
f.ctwirn  the  mouil'.,  of  ihr  iiord-.  Mount  (larihal.li  i-  ahout  loru- 
mik-^  from  the  -oulh.-rn  cd-c  of  thv  -.ipwarp,  an.l  ihv  ..tiur  (onvs  from 
flVf  ti)  seven  mil(-  farllier. 

The  lime  of  e\tru-ion  of  the  later  of  ihe-e  lavas  would  appear  to 
apree  in  a  ^'i  neral  way  with  that  of  the  red  ha-alls  at  Miles  Canvon  and 
Whitehor-e  Rapid  in  the  Yukon  territory.  '1  he  very  recent  Iknv  men- 
tioned l,y  M,  i:\oy'  a-  ha-.ini,'  o((urred  within  two  hundred  vears  at 
the  Kit-wan-,  hill  Can.v.in  on  the  Xa-e  Hnxr  is  pn.haiily  later  than  any 
of  those  so  far  .lisoivere.l  near  Vancouver.  The  .k current  e  .)f  hot  -prints 
at  Harrison  Lake  i-  no  doubt  ^'eneti.ally  related  to  ihi-  recent  vulcanism. 
It  indi.ates  Ihat  s.,nie  traces  -if  i-neous  a.  li.Mi  still  remain  in  the  region. 

I'irWiil.R  M'HV 

'Ihe  -mall  iinder-<,,ne  at  the  n.trthea-tern  end  ..f  the  v.)lcanic  area 
con-i-l-  laru'.-ly  ,,f  -.oria.  eon-  material-  with  cn-ideralde  am.mnts  of 
ash  intermixed.  Microscopicalh-  the  r.nk  is  comj.ose.i  of  a  ve-icular 
j.'r.nin.lma..s  vhich  i-  nearly  opaque  from  the  presence  of  iron  oxkle,  in 
whiih  are  .li-lril.ute.i  microliths  of  pkiKioclase  an.l  au^ite  and  pheno- 
crysts  of  lahra.L.rite  an.l  ..livine.     It  i-  iheref.ire  an  olivine  l.asalt. 

The  re.l  lava  from  Ke.l  M.mntain,  ',^hi.  h  ,-eems  to  represent  the 
later  stages  of  its  activity,  is  a  hypersthene  hasalt  which  has  a  grourd- 
mass  partly  ..ptically  .lark  an.l  c.,mp..se.l  otherwise  of  a  tell  of  lal.radorite 
micr..liihs.  m.i,i..netite  lirains,  an.l  small  scales  of  hematite,  to  which  the 
red  .olor  is  .lue.  Imhe.l.ie.l  in  this  are  res.irption  paramorphs  ..f  mag- 
netite an.l  auj^'ite.  laths  .,i  hypersthene.  an.l  plaui.icla-es  which  are  mainFv 
lahrailorite,  Init  have  iional  extincti.tn.  uhidi  in.licates  a  composition 
whu  h  \arie-  fn.m  oli-.)cla<e  to  hytownile.  The  more  basic  zones  are 
t.nvar.l  the  out-i.le.     The  n.ck  ha-  un.ler-one  very  -lif:hl  alteration. 

'  Ciil.  iiiin.  Can,id,i,  Siinim^iry  K,  p,r:.  iS<h,  p.  14. 


''    ■•'■  '"'      "I     Sill     ■>"K.lllll      iJL.I,   li.li- 

Iri.ni  I  he  \,irlh,rii  (  „r,IUI,r.i,i 


III!     (.\HII1  \l  lir    \ii|  I    \M,      liiKM  vri.'V 


7') 


The  larlirr  l;i\as  wert-  ht.\\  in  ...lor  .iml  in  .i|i[H,irani  i-  nun  h  like 
ih<-  trray  la\a>  c.f  the  Hla<  k  Tii-k  ;.a^all.  Thf  l;r.lunc^Mla^•.  iciniainN 
-iinu-  Kla«s,  maumtili'  (;rain>.  anil  mumlith^  of  placiix  la>f,  Imt  no 
liiiiialilc.  The  |.hrnc)<  ry-t-  intliidc  larj,'f  an<li-ini  -  i>i  (im-iilcral.ly 
ri.iMi.lnl  uu.linc,  with  /.mal  i-viindidn,  l,rii«n  li.i-alli(  hnrnMcnilr. 
-nnic.'. hat  tri«ii(|  ami  ripkucil  |im  ii(|cinior|.h<mslv  l.y  au^:iic  an^l  mag- 
netite, anil  mau'iutile  in  lar;;e  (:rain^  ami  a;.'Kre^ate«.  The  ni.  k  i- 
iherefore  ande^ile. 

A  ^])e^imen  inmi  the  lowtr  Lua^  ol.taineil  in  the  \allev  ol  Stony 
Creek  eonsi-ts  of  |)heniKry>t-  of  lahraijorite  and  aiij^iie  in  a  cnmnilniass 
of  the  sinic  minerals  with  ^-rains  of  ma;;netite.  1  his  a;^'rie-  ilo-ely 
with  the  l.a^alt  of  Watt's  Point  (see  'ral)le  XI,  |..  701. 

It  will  he  seen  that  the  i  haraeler  of  the  extru-ion  \aries  lon-iderahlv, 
hut  is  on  the  whole  ha-altii.  A  few  small  dikes  were  observed  whose 
litholo;,'i(al  lompovition  and  unwealhered  eondilion  su«}ie-t  that  they 
may  he  traieahle  to  the  vulianism  of  this  period.  In  the  lied  of  the 
hrook  that  liows  eastward  from  Mount  .Sirahan  one  sueh  dike  of  dull 
hlaek  color  traverses  the  Trias-ie  (  ?i  |H.rphyriti .  In  a  j.'roundma--  of 
pla^iiK  lase.  riiaunetite,  and  auKite  it  contains  phenoerx-ts  of  auuite, 
lahrailorite,  and  olivine,  the  latter  completely  altered  to  serpentine  and 
calcite.  The  auL'ite  is  quite  fresh.  Ser|)entine  has  penetrated  the  feld- 
spars alonj;  cleavage  planes,  hut  no  kaolinization  was  olserved. 

Another  dike  at  the  Swayne  copper  claims  in  the  valley  of  I.ynn 
Creek  has  a  >;roundmass  of  brownish  j;lass  containing  [)laKioilase  and 
aunile  microliths  and  magnetite  grains.  '''  henocrys|>  are  fre-h 
auK'ite  ;«nd  a  lew  laths  of  pla^'ioclase,  jirol,..  lai-radorile.  .\  little 
hematite  is  also  pre.-i  nt. 


CHAI'TIk  \l 

uIAIIk\\k\    DII-OMIs    \M,  I'llVM.M.kM'llH     IIIMOkV 

I'l.H'-iiK  I  \K  1)1 1'livi rs 
The  lilU  ,in.l  .,ilur  M-.lim.riN  ulii,  h  ri|.p-..nt  ilu-  I'l,  iM(H,n.'  [u-ri."! 
an-  (li^irihulcl  utuonlornial.ly  ..v.-r  all  ilir  ,,M.t  fMrniaiionN  Ixith  ..t  the 
iowLmd  ami  ut  tiir  ( i.mtilai.-  n  ii..n>  In  ihv  lowlan.i  ihi-v  form  a  ruarlv 
K.nlinti.iu.  ilrilt  <.,v.r,  iril.rru|.l,-.l  ..iily  l,y  a  iVw  prolru.linK  ouK  rop's 
of  K.Mrn.'  M-.lin„„t,  ami  pu,i-i;,.,,iu-  .rupliv,,.  In  tin-  mountain 
SCI  lion  Ihiy  approa.  h  (onlinuity  only  in  the  lower  (Chi-lan)  valify-, 
who-c  >i(les  lluy  (omt.  «illi  ,onH-  int<rru[)tion-.,  up  to  2,000  feet,  as  in 
the  Capilano  Vall.y.  In  other  <  a.es  the  rontinuous  <lrill-.o\er  i, 
eonlme.l  to  a  feu  hun.lre.l  feel  at  most  al-ove  the  vallev  ll.n.r.  On  the 
mor.'  h  \el  I'.niiai  u|.lan.l>  small  areas  of  till,  (jenerally  of  n.,  L;reai  thi.  k- 
n.ss,  also  are  to  he  foun.l.  \  notahle  niorainie  ridye  is  that  whieh 
projeets  from  the  south  si,],.  ,  ,  (Jrouse  Mountain,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
fapilano  \alley.  lis  top  has  an  ele\ation  of  ahout  1,100  feel  It  is  a 
terminal  moraine  of  the  Vash„n  ire.  ( )ii  the  west  si<ie  of  the  valley  iher.' 
is  a  projecting'  ri.k'e  uhi.h  may  represent  the  oppo-ite  en.l  ol  the  smie 
nior.iine. 

l)rlit-^,;li„ns.  ~T\u-  hest  .Irift-se.  li.ms  <,f  the  re-ion,  so  far  as 
known,  are  those  whi.  h  were  -tu.lie.l  l,y  the  -Ariter  in  the  following 
locations: 

I.  The  Cijiilano  \',illey. 

-'.  The  Lynn  Creek  \alley. 

;.  The  Lower  Seymour  Valley, 

4.  I'he  I  lilT  on  ihe  iiorlh  siile  of  INiini  (;r(A. 

V  lesl  horinns  in  the  .  ily  of  \aiuou\er,  to  ihe  south  of  False  Creek 
and  i:ii'.;li-fi  Mas'. 

".  koa.l-  ami  railway-i  utlin-s,  ravines,  hri.  k_\apl,  and  other  eua- 
valionsal  \ew  Westminster. 

7-  KaMiies  and  railway-eultiMi;^  in  the  Surrev  terraie  to  the  -outh 
of  New  WestMiinster. 

5.  I  he  si-aion  exposed  on  the  east  sjdi.  ,,t  lJoundar\   Hay. 

The  -ue^ession  of  depo-its  ohs^rxvd  in  the  \aiRouver  area  is 
111    Ihe    main    ideiiliial    uilh    thusc    named     l>y    Willis    in    the    I'u-et 


<.il\IH(N\R\     DH'uMIs     \S1>    r'll\-|iM.KM>|||l      Ill^l.ikS 


X| 


--.mnil   rij'i..n   .in.l   d.  ,iril,nl   at    |,fiv;ih   |,v    Hrii/'      I  lu-  x,ri,>  i.  ;,. 
fiilliius: 

5-  ()ul\s;i^h  ami  ililla  san.K  ami  t'ra\iN. 

4.  \a^hiin  lill. 

riimtiliirmily  (I'uvalluii  "Utrvl.n  iai  |nri(»l'. 

\.  Ailniiralt\  ila>>  ami  -ami-.. 

;.  A'IniiraliN  lill. 

I     Nikomtki  s;iiii|  ami  -ill. 

I.  /'/;/•  \ikiimrki  sand  and  ull  This  iiami'  has  hetn  j,'ivin  tn  ilu- 
luwist  nicmlKT.if  till'  xrii-s  whiih  i- tx|><.M-.l  in  lIu-  s^a  ilitTal  Mud  Hay, 
jii-l  south  of  ihf  Nikorm-ki  ki\<r.  It  <  on-i-i>  of  siralitlnl  sc.linunl  of  a 
-omcwhat  silly  Ifxiuri-.  Ihis  uti.lirlio  the  lower  of  the  two  till  vhctts 
aii.l  is  therefore  pp-.VIniiraltv  in  aye.  Ihe  l.e.js  ili|)  lowanl  llie  Miulh 
anil  may  \ery  pos-il.ly  have  Ineii  fore-et  he<ls  of  a  pre-Admiraity  delta 
of  the  I'raser,  since  they  oirur  ininieilialely  to  Ihe  south  of  the  most 
southerly  of  the  ihanneU  onupied  liy  its  interu'lai  iai  distrifiutaries, 
whoM'  antecedent  \ alleys  eut  their  way  down  to  the  present  sea-level 
or  Ix'low  it  during'  the  later  part  of  the  I'uvallup  uplift. 

Kverywhere  on  the  lowland  the  flac  ial  deposits  are  uiuonforniaMe 
on  the  I'u«et  series  and  on  the  hasalts  whic  h  intrude  them.  Since  the 
Miocene  and  I'licnene  are  here  unrepresented  hy  sediments,  it  appears 
that  they  together  formed  a  [)eriod  of  erosion,  when  the  land  stood 
nearly  up  to  or  above  its  present  level.  Moreover,  as  the  lowest 
F'leistoeene  lieds  present  are  water-laid  sediments,  we  must  |K)stulate  an 
early  Pleistocene  (preAdmirally  1  sulur  r^'enie.  No  fossils  have  been 
found  in  the  \ikoi..eki  beds,  but  their  [xisiiion  renders  it  practically 
I  c-rtain  that  they  were  marine.  If.  as  has  been  susi«-,  ted,'  there  shoulil 
be  found  a  third  till  sheet  underlyinj;  the  .VImiralty,  we  have  evidenie 
of  both  Klaiialion  and  subnuTL'ence  in  pre-.\dmiralty  I'leisioiene  lime. 
Since  the  Xikomeki  is  here  immediately  overlaid  by  the  .VImiralty  till, 
it  is  probaiily  younger  than  the  oldest  till,  if  there  is  a  till  older  than  the 
Admiralty.  In  the  al)sence  of  an  exposure  of  the  oldest  till  in  the  Van- 
cou\er  tield  this  jioint  remains  uncertain. 

2.  The  Admiralty  till  This  name  was  ^'i\en  by  Willis  to  the  older 
of  the  two  tills  which  are  exposed  on  .\dniiralty  Inlet,  I'u.wt  .Sound,  and 
since  the  cle|>osits  in  the  I'uuet  Sound  rejiion  appear  to  correlate  accu- 
rately with  those  ill  Ihe  Vancouver  Ik  Id.  the  name  .Xdmiralty  will  be 
used  in  the  [jresent  paper  to  designate  the  lower  of  the  two  wcll-delined 
till  sheets  \ihich  are  pre.sent. 


II.  J.  Hnl/.,  Witsh'nnlon  Grol.  Sun.,  liiilldiii 


'  Ibid. 


32 


rill.    (,l;()I.OI.V    OK    VANCol  \I,K     \M)    Vi<  IMTV 


'i 


Where  liolli  till  sli.et>  are  e-\[)o-.e(|,  llie  A.imiralty  i.,  u>u:'iy  the 
tliiiker  111  the  lu.i.  It  i-  unweathererl  in  many  |ilaee>,  Dwiir^'  to  the 
proteeliim  of  the  overlyiiiK  sediment-,  whieh  were  (lefxisited  u()on  it 
immediately  after  the  retreat  ol'  the  i.e.  Its  color  is  in  general  liluish 
-ray.  Mo-t  nt  the  included  l.ouliler^  were  deri\e<l  from  the  Coast 
Halhiililh,  a  sn.aller  number  from  the  I'aleozoit  lormati)ns  and  the 
|)os|.Ko(ene  and  I'leiMoeene  ha-ali-.  and  orea-ional  franment.-^  of  Kocene 
.sind.tone  in  the  southern  part  of  the  area.  The  bowlders  of  this  lower 
till  are,  in  .some  places  at  lea>t,  more  rounded  than  those  of  the  upi)er. 
1  hey  exhibit  weil-;;laciated  surfaces. 

Ihe  thicknos  of  4S0  feet,  mainly  till,  which  was  penetrated  by  the 
borini;  at  the  liurns  Packing  Hou-e,  Vancouver,  is  probably  in  the  main 
to  be  assigned  to  the  .Vimirally  till,  allhou-h  the  thickness  i.-,  much 
smaller  on  the  hiu'her  parts  .,f  the  northern  rid<;e  of  liurrard  Peninsula. 
M  I-airview  Height.,  to  the  >outh  of  laUv  Creek,  the  [)ost-Kocene 
eru|>live  basalts  project  comi)letely  throu;.'!!  ilie  drif:. 

The  Lrreatest  thickne-s  of  tiil  observed  in  any  e.\[)Osed  section  which 
could  be  a>.~i,i,nHd  to  the  .\dniiralty  drift-iieet  i-  about  loo  feet.  This  is 
exposed  near  the  lra>er  River  bridge  at  New  Westminster.  In  the 
Brunette  Creek  \alley,  uhere  str;itilied  clay  is  seen  resting  on  the  I'ui;et 
sandstone  an<l  overlaid  by  \a>hon  till,  the  .\dmiralty  till  i^  entirely 
absent.  The  thick  deposits  of  this  till  from  Xew  Westminster  westward 
Rive  the  impression  of  a  rece-.onal  moraine  belon;;in,u'  to  the  last  stages 
of  the  .Admiralty  piedmont  glacier  fed  by  tlie  glaciers  of  the  Capil.mo, 
Lynn,  and  .Seyniuur  valleys  Their  -opographic  expre-Mon  has  since 
been  largely  objured  by  the  ijepo-iiion  of  clays,  .sands,  and  till,  and 
later  terrace-culling  due  to  wave-action  of  the  1-raser  estuary  in  recent 
time. 

The  .\dinirahy  till  is  not  seen  in  the  ."Surrey  terrace,  which  it  probably 
underlies  below  sea-level,  but  reappears  again  in  the  Boundary  Bay 
section  to  the  south.  It  has  there  a  thickness  estimated  at  40  feet.  It's 
reapjiearan.e  umlnubtedly  indicates  an  upward  foliiiiig  of  the  I'uget 
formatuiii  beneath,  uhich  reapi  -  ars  again  at  sea-level  to  the  south  of 
Bellingham  Bay.  The  Fraser  \a!ley  has  thus  a  structural  origin  repre- 
.sented  by  a  wide  gentle  -v  ncline  of  the  I'uget  lormalion. 

In  Ihe  mount;iin  valle_\s  the  .\dmirally  till  is  the  lowest  drift  depo.sit 
seen,  an. I  i~  undoubtedly  the  lirsl  till  dcposile.l  after  the  rounding  of  the 
canyons  b\-  glaciati'in.  Thi-  rounding  of  1  he  valleys,  elsewhere  described 
as  the  Chelan  stagi  of  erosion,  is  therelore  to  be  attributed  to  the  ice 


of  Ihe  .\diniraltv 


epocn.      Ihe  valleys,  in  addition   to  i,emg  r.iunded, 


QIATKRWKV    DKPO-^lrs    AM)   I'll VSIOI.K APIIIC    lII.-,roKY 


«; 


were  (lirpent'd  in  ihdr  narrow  parts  to  tin-  I'xtcni  of  >tviral  humlrt-d 
Ktl.  This  is  shown,  lor  fxaniiile.hy  the  fact  ih.-u  tho  roci^  harrier  which 
crosses  the  mouth  of  the  Capilano  i>  at  least  200  feel  hii,'her  than  the 
valley  tlnor  to  the  north  of  it,  which  has  some  thickness  of  drift  ahove  the 
rock.  Two  hundred  feel  then  woulii  seem  to  be  a  minimum  for  the  ice- 
cultinu  in  this  valley.  .\i,'ain  the  Stehekin  rock-aillin!;  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Lynn  Creek  Valley  i>  at  least  150  feel  dt-eii,  ami  that  at  'he  Sevmour 
Canyon  is  estimated  at  joo  feet.  These  ti«ures  reijresent  minimum 
depths  of  ice-cutlinfi  ahove.  In  Howe  Sound  a  depth  in  the  upper 
reaches  of  940  feet  decreases  to  ahoul  ;,oo  or  less  otl  Whylc  ClilT  Point, 
and  in  the  \orlh  Arm  of  Burrard  Inlet  the  ma.ximum  depth  .Thoul  two 
miles  north  of  Lake  Buntzen  outlet  is  672  feet,  while  near  the  mouth, 
opposite  Turtle  Tiead,  it  is  100  feet  or  less.  In  the  suhii'erped  vallevs 
it  is,  of  course,  impossible  to  e.stimate  the  thickness  of  drift  '.iich  over- 
lies the  rock  bottoms,  and  the  actual  dei)th  of  the  ice-exc.ivaied  rock 
basins  cannot  be  fixed  accurately,  but  the  foregoinf;  are  minimum  lii;urcs. 
It  is  evident  that  the  bottom.-,  of  the  Twisj)  valleys  before  Klaiiation 
must  have  been  ahove  the  lops  of  the  present  glacialed  rock  l)arrier>, 
and  that  the  de[>lh  of  the  excavation  accomplished  by  the  glaciers  must, 
therefore,  be  greater  than  the  figures  cited  above  indicate,  since  the  tops 
of  the  rock  barriers  themselves  sutTercd  scmie  glacial  erosion.  It  i>  also 
extremely  [irubable  that  the  altitude  of  the  laml,  or  at  least  of  the 
Capilano-Lyim-Seymour  region,  was  somewhat  lower  than  now  at  the 
clo.se  of  the  Twisp  epoch,  since  its  [)re.sent  elevation  would  nece.->itale 
extremely  steeji  grades  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Twisp  canyon^.  amounting 
to  140  or  more  feel  in  the  mile  in  the  ca.sc  of  the  Capilano.  If  so  feet 
per  mile,  which  is  high,  were  allowed  f<ir  the  gradient  in  the  lov.er  Twi.-p 
Capilano  Canyon,  the  land  at  the  close  of  the  Twi.-.p  niu>t  haw  stood  at 
least  .'75   -,00  feel  lower  than  now. 

'Ihe  data  lor  a  rccon-lruclion  of  the  Adniiralt\-  it  e  condition,  are 
not  as  conii)lete  as  tlu)se  of  the  later  V'a.^hon  glaciation,  since  the  round- 
ing of  summits,  especially  where  slrialioiis  are  present,  and  the  dcpo.iti.ni 
of  erratics  were  in  all  [.robabilily  done  by  the  la.l  gkicialinn.  Tin-re  are 
some  ()eaks,  howe\er,  of  which  Crown  Mountain,  Mount  Brunswick,  the 
Saw  Tooth  Mountains,  and  Black  Tu-k  Mountain  are  example^,  uho^e 
summits  ~how  no  sign>,  m)  far  as  form  is  concernecl,  of  ha\  ing  been  glaci- 
ated at  any  period.  Crown  Mountain  is  5,500  feel  high  and  is  well  o\er 
4.000  teet  above  the  \alleys  0.1  either  .-idi — in  one  ta.-.e  nearly  or  i|uiie 
5,000.  This  would  allo'.v  for  a  thickne.-.^  of  at  !ca.-l  4,500  feet  of  iie  for 
both  glaciations.     On  the  other  hand,  there  could  not  have  been  a  much 


84 


TIIK    CKOLOCY    OF    VANCOIVKR    AND    VICINITY 


firtalcr  ihirkness  ntar  Cnnvn  Mountain  without  overriding  its  summit— 
Init  in  Howe  Soun.l,  to  the  west,  the  bottom  is  8cx)  feet  below  sea-level, 
and  if  the  ice  there  rose  as  high  as  at  Crown  Mountain  there  was  a 
thi.kn.ss  of  nearly  O.ooo  feet.  In  Howe  Sound,  about  six  miles  farther 
north,  there  is  evidenc-  4'  somewhat  pieater  thickness.  There  Mount 
Hrun-wick  pinnacle  presents  a  rounded  dome  of  5.600  feet  altitude, 
while  the  <lepth  of  Howe  Soun.l,  imme.liately  to  the  west,  is  about  ,So<^ 
feet.  .\  total  ice  thickness  of  0,200  feet  mij.'ht  therefore  be  inferred  here, 
proNJded  no  allowance  is  made  for  possible  faulting.  The  Hlack  Tusk 
Mountain,  forty  miles  north  of  Hurrard  Inlet,  has  glaciated  surfaces 
up  to  0,500  feet  or  more,  while  the  adjacent  valley  of  the  Cheakamous 
River  is  about  1,200  feel  above  the  sea.  .\n  ice  t'hickne.ss  of  5.500  feet 
would  therefore  not  be  an  excessive  estimate  for  the  central  part  of  the 
ran;,'e.  These  figures,  however,  apply  to  Vashon  rather  than  to  .Admi- 
ralty daciation.  They  could  not  be  much  larger  for  the  Admiralty,  but 
mi;,'hl  be  less. 

There  are  some  fads  which  indicate  that  the  .Admiralty  Klaciation. 
if  not  more  massive,  was  more  |)rolonKed  than  the  Vashon,  namel  : 
(:  While  it  appears  that  the  A.imiralty  ice  excavated  hundreds  of  t 
of  rock  in  the  \  alleys,  the  later  Vashon  ice  did  not  even  remove  the 
Admiralty  drift  from  their  bottoms.  The  drift  is  about  100  feet  in 
thickne-s  and  of  course  uncon.solidated.  (2)  The  drift  deposits  of  the 
Admiralty  epoch  contain  much  more  material,  in  general  at  least  two 
or  three  times  as  much  a8  those  of  the  Vashon. 

This,  however,  must  be  in  part  at  least  attributed  to  the  fact  that 
the  Admiralty  w.-.s  preceded  by  the  Tuisj)  uplift  and  subsecjuent  ercsion, 
which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  canyons  whose  rup^wl  sides  and  .salient 
spurs  otTered  much  resistance  to  the  passage  of  the  ice.  and  were  con- 
sequently much  eroded,  while  the  presence  of  much  erosiona'  debris 
in  the  form  of  talus  blocks,  lH)wl,iers,  gravel,  etc.,  furnished  the  jottom 
of  the  ice  with  cuttiniz  materials.  The  fre(|uent  ai.j.earance  of  rounded 
bowKlers  in  the  .Admiralty  till  suj;.i;<'>t-  thai  they  were  produced  by  the 
pre^'lacial  Mream  ero>ion.  On  the  ,>tlier  hand,  the  \a>hon  ice  moved 
over  >urfa,e.  already  shaped  by  ice  passa-e  and  robbed  of  extensive 
talus  deposits  and  gravels.  These  ha.i  not  been  replaced  bv  the  compara- 
tively sli-ht  erosiiui  of  the  I'uyallup  interval,  which  was  not  sutlicient  to 
remove  the  diift  from  tlie  \ailevs. 

Since  the  distance  to  which  a  glacier  can  reach  from  its  source  of 
sui)i)ly  depends,  the  underlvini;  slopes  beini;  equal,  upon  the  thickne--, 
oi  i,e  at   the  s(,urce,  the  lacl   that   the  Xa.-hon  ice  i>robablv  e.xtende.l 


QUATERNARY   DEPOSITS   AND   PIIVSIOC.RAPIIIC   HISTORY  85 

about  as  far  south  in  the  Puget  Sound  valley  as  did  the  Admiralty'  is 
evidence  that  there  was  no  great  difference  in  thickness  of  ice  between 
the  two  epochs.  Since  the  Vashon  overn^le  the  greater  i)art  of  the 
range  as  a  continuous  ice  sheet,  with  a  few  projecting  nunataks,  it  is 
probable  that  the  Admiralty  ice  did  so  too. 

If  we  place  the  upper  surface  of  the  ice  at  the  present  j.ooo-fcxit 
level  on  CrowTi  Mountain,  it  was  at  least  ,?,500  feet  above  .sea-level  at 
that  point,  and  if  Howe  .Sound  and  the  Capilano  Valley  had  the  same 
relative  depths  as  now,  the  bottom  of  the  ice  v<erted  an  active  erosive 
force  at  2,000  feel  below  .sea-level  in  Howe  Sound. 

At  the  close  of  the  Admiralty  glaciation.  part,  if  not  all,  of  the  region 
was  i.^oo  or  1,400  feel  lower  than  now,  as  c\  idcnced  bv  the  stratified 
clays  deposited  conformably  over  the  till  in  the  Lynn  ami  Capilano 
valleys.  If  so,  this  was  a  deeper  submergence  than  thai  which  e.x'sled 
at  the  cio.■^c  of  the  Vashon,  and  hence  a  thicker  ice  sheet  would  be  necessarv 
to  extend  as  far  south  in  the  Puget  Sound  valley,  and  if  the  Vashon 
extended  somewhat  farther  the  depth  of  ice  wa^  probablv  not  far  from 
ecjual  in  the  two  glaciaiions. 

Howlders  of  the  Pleistocene  lava>  of  Mount  CJaribaldi  are  found  in  the 
Admiralty  till  of  the  Capikino  Valley,  but  not  in  the  Va.-hon  till.  This 
ap[)ears  to  indicate  that  the  la>t  stage>  of  the  \'ashon  glaciation  were 
more  conlined  to  local  valley  glaciation  than  were  the  last  stages  of  the 
Admiralty,  since  the  I)re^ence  of  the>e  bowlders  inyoKes  their  transpor- 
tation by  ice  across  several  divides  of  at  least  5,000  feet  altitude.  It  may 
also  have  been  influenced  by  the  greater  activity  of  the  volcano  during 
the  lirst  glaciation,  which  would  load  the  ice  surface  with  ejectments. 

3.  The  Admirally  ict/fwoirv.— Resting  on  the  Admiralty  till  through- 
out the  locality  is  a  deposit  of  clay,  stratified  ,-and,  and  gravel  which  is 
I)robabI_\-  of  mii;ine  dejxisition.  In  the  valley  of  Si>ters'  Creek,  where  a 
good  secticn  is  e.x|M)>e<l,  the  sediment  is  well-laminated  blue  clav  about 
50  feet  thick  and  overlies  the  till  conformably,  each  pa>--ing  bv  a  thin 
gradation  into  the  other.  The  clay  may  be  traced  down  the  Capilano 
Valley  to  the  rock  barrier  at  the  canyon.  Here  it  ri.-^e-  over  the  barrier, 
and  descends  again  on  the  >oulhern  side.  Xo  sand  wa--  associated  uith 
the  clay  in  the  Sister.-'  Creek  section,  but  at  lower  altitude-  it  i-  generally 
present.  The  elevation  reached  by  the  clay  here  is  about  i,;oo  leet. 
In  the  L\im  Creek  \'alley  at  an  ele\alion  of  700  feet  about  Jo  feel  of 
Similar  clay  occurs,  overlaid  by  niut'hly  -tratilied  -and  and  gr.ivel  which 
contain-  logs  of  wood  in  a  good  .^late  of  jirc-crvaiion.     It  1-  not  lerUiiii 

'  j,  H,  lireU,  Glanatiuit  of  Ihr  l'iii^,l  Svinul  K'i;:iiit.  p.  17. 


86 


TKi,    r,l.(il,(i(,v    ,,K    \\S((>V\IR     wil    \1(|M(V 


•I'a'  'li'---upi.T,l..i,„  „..h,mMlH.,onH.k.ml  a^  \,vU,nuuK  U,  ih..  \.l,„i- 
ral.y  ...Um.,n<  Th.y  arc  pn.hal.ly  .n-Kk-rn  ••  vva>h.-  Anoth.T  m->  ,i.,n 
ol  strati!,,.,!  day  ,Kcurs  at  an  ih-v:num  <>i  i.^oo  feet  in  thi^  vallcv 

On  ilu-  l..ulan.|  iIk-  -r.lin,ciu,  arc  cmnionlv  f„un.!  undcrlvin-  the 
ui-pcr  t,ll  an.|  .x,.,,.,.,!  in  the  M.k's  .,f  uavcnu;  terra,  c.  or  ravines  which 
iKiyc  hccn  .  ut  Ihn,u,h  the  .irift.  In  X..rth  \-anc„uver  thev  are  M-en  „n 
Ke.th  K„a.i  at  an  ek^vation  „!  ,7^  to  .00  feet.  On  the  north  .i,^.  „1  ihc 
■airvieu-  He,.'hl.  a  nunihcr  ui  horin-  made  bv  the  Hurranl  IVni'i.ula 
J'-nt  Drama.'c-  Ii,.ar,i  Ikuc  pcnctrale-l  these  se.liments.  which  there 
ronM-l  ot  Muc  Jays,  with  s„,ne  li.Miile  in  streaks,  san.l.  an,|  -ravel 
I  he  sh,.hle-.l  thickness  observed  was  7  feet.  The  ,!ccpcst  hok-  .ii.l  not 
pnie.rate  to  the  bottom  of  the  .lepo>it.  ami  the  n.axinnini  thickn-ss  t,, 
"hich  these  <le|)osits  uerc  penetrated  was  about  12  feet. 

At  New  Westminster  these  stratitie.l  <leposits  are  exposci  in  a  ra\  ine 
at  the  C.len  Road  bridi;e  (-..o  feet  al:itu,le).  near  the  Hrutiette  freek  on 
Columbia  Street  {,00  feet  i.  in  the  Great  Xorthern  Railwav  cuttin-s  at 
the  mtcTurban  railway  si,|in.;  east  cf  (vimunds  between  Ki^^hth  and  Nxth 
streets.  an,l  at  the  Srhaake  Machine  Works.  Thev  varv  in  level  h-re 
from  near  sea-level  to  about  ,So  feet.  The  thickness  ofihe  deposit  at 
(den  Road  ,s  about  .s  tfct.  In  the  New  Westminster  brickyard  cxcava- 
ti,)n  the  section  e.\|K).sed  v.as: 

V   l-'ifteen  feet  stratilk',l  brick  clay. 

2.    Two  or  three  feel  <  kar  ^and. 

I.  .\  line  stratilk'-i  silt,  whose  lower  limit  was  not  exposed. 

Sai.l  to  contain  too  little  sand  f,)r  use  in  l)ri(  kmakin" 
A  hun,lre<l  yards  farther  south  the  clays  f-ave  wav  to  stratilk.l  sand 
an<l  ;;ravel.     At  the  lirunnette  Creek  briilge  on  Columbia  .Street  .0  feet 
01   strat.fed   sand   is  found   underlying  about   the  .same   thickness  of 
lammated  clay. 

In  the  lioun.lary  Hay  section  the  sediment,  are  sand  an.l  clav    or 
Mit.  Kind.  an,l  ^raNel.  which  have  a  total  thickness  of  about  8c  feet' 

I  he^e  scliments  indicate  with  certainty  that  at  the  close  of  the 
Adnnra  ty  ,da.iatk,n  the  land  was  much  below  its  present  lev  I.  an-i  also 
below  the  sea-level  of  the  end  of  the  Twisp  s.a.e.  which  imme.liatelv 
prm.d..d  the  Admiraltv  ,dacial  epoch.  The  nature  of  the  sediments 
MnterMrat.ne.l  san,l  ati.i  clay)  on  the  lowland  ,su-e-ts  c,uiet.  but  not 
very  .leep.  water.  Where  they  un.lerlie  the  clav  the  sands  mav  indicate 
depoMtion  ot  coars.r  .sdiments  nearer  the  i.e  front,  .lurim;  it-  retreat 
t»ll'v,.,c,|  by  tmer  sediments  deposile.l  at  a  ,listance  from  the  ice  front' 
I  He  ocurrcnce  ot  occasional  bowMer.  in  the  -trali:ic<l  clav  sh,n^.  ihu 


^<Y»*^?»rg,'-<_-- 


Ql  ATKRNARV    DKPC  iM  TS    \M)    Pin>l(  i.  ,K  \|'|1H     lll>l(ikV 


•^7 


ihcir  <k-|K»iti()n  took  [)laff  durini^  tin-  retrial  of  the  it  c,  while  tloalini;  i(i; 
war-  still  a  factor  in  ilepo^ition. 

If  the  relative  level-,  of  the  iowlanil  and  hiirhland  section^  were  the 
~ame  as  now,  a  suhmcrjrence  of  about  r,:;oo  feet  was  neiev-arv,  but  it  is 
possible  lat  the  uplift  Mnee  ;ia>  been  of  a  <iillerenlial  nature  and  that 
the  mountains  have  risen  more  than  the  lowlan.l.  sinie  the  -edinunl^ 
rise  ui)slream  from  200  feet  at  Hur;.ird  Inlet  to  i.;;oofeel  in  Lynn  Valley, 
about  ci>:ht  miles  northward.  It  is  notiieable  that  sand,  rather  than 
elays  are  found  at  the  hi<<her  exposures  on  the  lowland. 

.After  the  recession  of  the  ice  the  jjrevailinf;  condition  mu^t  have  been 
that  of  a  broad  estuary  which  covered  the  lowland,  while  liord>  occupied 
the  mountain  valleys.  The  deposition  of  the  seijiment-  must  have 
occujiu  1  some  time  before  upward  movement  brought  the  sediments  up 
to  sea-level.  It  may  be  that  the  subsidence  continued  after  the  retreat 
of  the  ice,  since  .sand  underlies  the  clay  in  [)art.  The  alternative  su;r- 
gestion  above  made  agrees  best  with  the  gradation  from  till  to  clay 
directly,  which  occurs  elsewhere. 

In  the  slratitkv  :i:id  at  Central  Park,  which  almost  certaiiilv  belongs 
to  the  Admiralty  sediments,  a  number  of  .shells  have  been  found,  some 
20  feet  below  the  surl'ace  of  the  ground  (and  between  350  and  4CX)  feet 
above  sea-level),  and  are  now  in  the  .\rt,  Historical,  and  .Scientit'ic 
Society's  Museum  in  Vancouver.  They  are  i)robably  .\/y,;  trumala,' 
but  possibly  My,i  arciiaria.  Both  of  t)iese  s[)ecies  inhabit  the  coast  at 
the  present  time,  and  both  have  been  reported  a-  fossils  in  glacial  deposits. 
Economic— lh<:  sands  and  clays  of  the  .\dmiralty  sediments  in  the 
vicinity  of  Vancouver  are  beinu  utili/.ed  extensively  in  brickmakiu'.^  and 
concrete  construction.  .Anvil  Island,  and  other  points  on  Hov.e  Sound, 
at  New  Westminster  and  at  Port  Ha..ey,  are  an,on<,'  the  |)!aces  where 
brick  manufacture  is  carried  on.  Tables  XII  and  XI IP  indicate  the  com- 
position of  the  brick  clays. 

T.VULE  XII 


Locality 


Port  Hancy 
.\nvil  Island 
ildvvc  Sounil 

.\v<T,iKc  for  (listritl      .      i 

.\vtra>;i.-  W  isconsin  glacial! 

clavs,  .    I 


sio, 

;S  6 

()0 


AI.O, 


2\     I 

:6  7 
-'4  00 


OS  82  1    13. 


K.,0. 

CaO 

.Miri) 

AlkJle. 

ii,o 

,S  b 

(1  ;;o 

0  - 

0 

4  .so 

1    ,1 

4  00 

Tr. 

0  J 

.1  00 

7  '' 

1  00  j 

0  .? 

0 

7  00 

I) 

4    1 

0  1 

0 

5  00 

4  S4 

1  48 

'  53 

4  50 

4  S8 

'  Sec  [ia[KT  by  G.  W.  Taylor.  Roy.  .S« .  L\iit.  Trj,,^..  X.S.,  Vol.  1  ( i.s.j ^ .  -ec  4.  p  52 
'  P'porl  of  the  Miniihr  of  M:ii,s.  Hrdnh  Columbia.  190S. 


f 


88 


THE   C.V.OLOCY   OF   VANrouVKK    AND   VKIMTY 


Thcsf  correspond  af)r)ro.ximately  with   the  mineraloRical  comoosi- 
tions  >h(iwn  in  TaMe  XIII. 


I  AHI.i;  XIll 


Lotality 


l'"rt  H.iniv 
\im\  Island 

Howf  Sound 
\vfra(;r 

\\  i.M  •ini.in 


Kaolin      j  Fret  Silica  '  Impuritin  j        Tuul 


s,?  .?« 

2t)   .?8 

15  6 

loj  66 

1)1   g7 

27  .'O 

'°   3 

Qy  y* 

do  7.< 

M   OS 

.S  y 

lo.'  S7 

SO  ')0 

iO    IK> 

i.i  1 

loo  17 

.(4  -!5 

47  yH 

>■!  35  1 

<;y  to 

fh     l'  'I"ii^"'''  '''?';'.'  "^'■■>'  l""'"l'ly  c.intiiins  -lire  unli,i,.|inizc.l  f,-|,l.nir 
Ihc  l.,rl  lUncy  an,!  H..w,-  Nmn.l  cUy,  !<,nn-»hat  le.-,,,  fn-iur. 


:in.t 


A-  r..:iil,;i.-e.i  with  iho  Wisemsin  <lritt-rlav,  uhid.  i.-,  an  avfraRc  of 
several  analyses  ^iven  by  liKinini^er'  a-  typical  clavs,  the  Vancouver 
day>  are  much  hidier  in  kaolin,  no.al.lv  higher  in  iron  and  lime  and 
l";ver  ,n  Mhca,  mayneMa,  and  alkalies.  The  reax.n  lor  the  dilTerence  i^ 
ot  cour-e.  I,,  In-  Inun.l  in  the  compo>ition  of  the  rocks  from  which  theclay.s 
were  derucd.  -I'he  \Vi^con..in  .Irift-clays  were  formed  lar^elv  from  the 
dei.ri>  ol  ,t-ran.tic  Archaean  rocks  or  their  derivative;  tho,,e  of  the  coast 
from  dioniic  rocks.  Table  XIX'  >,'ives  a  comparison  of  granite  and' 
diorite  .vhich  will  indicate  the  dilTerence  in  comi^sition. 

I Aiii.i:  xiv 


Average    sample    of    prc- 

Camlirian  Kranito 
('o.i>l  dinrili 


\\,>h 


Inm  a^ 
li.O, 


S''   IJ7      Ig    I  .' 


yi 
44 


I  yy 


M»:0 


.Alkalies 
K.O         .\a^) 


H,0 


3  (ill   1   4  oy      o  53 
o  2f>   .    ti    Ut      o  50 


firs 
1 


In  the  leachins  process  sodium,  maunoia.  and  lime  are  lo^i  to  a 
much  greater  extent  than  potash  or  silica,  while  the  relative  amounts 
"I  alumina  and  iron  are  increa.>e<l,  ouinj;  to  their  f;reater  insolubilitv 
1  hi.  hold,  true  in  i  lays  pro.iuced  by  weathering  of  the  rock. 

In  the  .dacial  drift-clays  there  appears  to  be  an  actual  increase  in 
sihca  al.M.  a>  compare.l  with  the  ori^-inal  rock,  due  -.artlv,  no  <ioubt  to 
the  lacl  that  the  ^e.liment  is  f;lacially  jiroduced  rock  Hour,  in  which  the 
Iree  Mhca  ha,  been,  to  a  lar,;e  extent,  Kroun.i  tine  enou-h  to  be  transported 
■m.  IlUmtis,  HuHi'.'ni  ij,  p.  15. 


'  a 


OlATKRWRV    DKPOSITn    AM)    PirV 


Miil.K\F'MIC    III>TMK\ 


ith  the  kaolin  in  suspension,  a 


ait  as  tompart-d  with  the  time 
1  lays  Iiy  weatherinc 

4.   Puyallup  erosiini  iiilrntii. 


ml  solution  has  had  a  \erv  shi 


irl  linn-  to 


>ciu[)ieii  in  the  i)ro(luctinti  of  re-iilual 


Uplift  su( 


d  th 


-  -le  piriod  or  ill  -.osi- 
lion,  just  referred  to,  and  the  sediments  were  suhjected  mr  me 
time  to  erosion.  .A  halt  seems  to  have  occurred  when  the  land  was 
slightly  more  than  200  feet  lower  than  now,  durinij  whi(  h  the  Kra-er 
developed  a  <lelta  or  hars  of  sand  and  silt  who.e  remainini:  poriion.  are 
the  Surrey  terrace,  the  hii;her  part  of  I'oint  Koherl>,  and  the  western  end 
of  Point  Grey.  The  Iast-mentione<l  atTot.'s  prohal.lv  the  he-t  section 
It  consists  of  sar.d  and  Rravel  at  the  eastern  end,  near  Kitsilano.  pasMnij 
mto  .somewhat  argillaceous  sands  farther  west.  The  sand-  exhihit 
cross-beddinK  and  in  some  parts  'tlow-an.l-plunKe"  structure.  The 
thickness  above  seadevel  at  the  enii  of  the  [)oint  is  2^0  feet.  The  de|.o>it 
was  probably  a  projecting  spit  at  the  end  of  the  Hurrard  IVnin^ula  i-land. 
The  deposits  of  the  .Surrey  terrace  are  sand  and  silt,  uith  peatv  materia! 
interbeddcd. 

The  .Surrey  deposit-,  may  have  been  a  sand  bar  rather  tlian  a  delta, 
since  there  must  have  been  deei)er  wter  in  the  upper  part  of  the  estuary 
while  the  de[.osition  was  in  i)rof.'re-  at  its  mouth,  or  else  the  upper  |)art 
of  the  delta  has  been  washe<l  away  since,  which  .seems  an  inipr.^bable 
assumption. 

Lekoy-  supKfsts  that  the  retiring  ice  front  was  at  this  time  at  the 
eastern  margin  of  the  Surrey  terrace  area,  and  that  the  deposit  is  an 
outwash  delta  formed  at  its  foot.  This  would  perhaps  account  f..r  the 
l.iwer  level  of  the  valley  floor  to  the  east,  but  on  this  hvpothesis  one  wouM 
e.xpect  coarse  deposits  of  gravel  rather  than  silts  with  peaty  material  suih 
as  are  exposed  in  the  recent  ravines  near  South  Westminster.  The 
most  probable  explanation  seems  to  be  that  the  current  in  the  upper 
e.stuary  was  sullicient  to  move  these  materials  down  to  it>  mouth,  where 
they  were  deposited  in  the  form  of  silt  islands  or  a  bar  somewhat  like 
that  which  exists  at  present  otT  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  ki\er. 
During  the  maximum  glaciation,  the  Kraser  was  probablv  iion-exisicni 
but  during  retreat  of  the  ice  sheet  it  must  have  been  swollen  to  unu>ual 
size,  .since  its  drainai;e  basin  includes  most  of  the  southern  half  of  the 
Cordilleran  ice  sheet.  Its  current,  therefore,  combined  with  tidal  action, 
might  have  been  strong  enough  to  transport  the  finer  materials  to  the- 
positions  where  they  now  lie,  where  the  >tream  issued  llnallv  mto  the 
quiet  waters  of  the  Cuilf  of  (k-orgia. 
'(','>.  a:.,  p.  8. 


90 


Tiir  <;i,oLoc;\  of  vwcowi.k  and  vkimtv 


It  ispn.hahl.thai  the  Hruiutir  Fal,i- Crctk  rhannel  and  the  Burrar.l 
Inl.t  diannel  were  kept  ..pen  \,y  the  rurrent,  since  no  remains  of  i,ars 
have  l>een  found  at  their  mouths.  The  materials  which  were  tarried 
out  ihrouuh  them  were  deposited  at  the  seaward  end  of  the  western 
Hurrard  Peninsula  island  and  now  form  the  sand  dei)()sii  of  Point  Grey. 
The  lopojiraphy  Miuth  of  the  international  houndary  would  indicate 
that  the  Fraser  estuary  must  have  had  other  outlets  southward,  from 
Sumas  throuKh  the  \ooksack  Valley,  and  at  Blaine  and  HellirlRham 
Hay.      These  deposits  are  all  overlaid  by  Vashon  till. 

At  the  corner  of  .Seneca  .Street  and  Si.xth  .Avenue  in  Seattle  there  is  a 
similar  <lei)osit  which  is  described  by  Bretz.'  It  consists  of  foreset  beds 
of  silt  with  streaks  of  lignite,  overlies  the  Admiralty  sediments  uncon- 
formably,  and  is  overlaid  by  the  \ashon  till.  The  contact  between  the 
foreset  beds  and  ihe  till  is  at  .'oo  feet  elevation.  This  corresponds 
accurately  with  the  deposits  above  described  in  the  Surrey  delta  terrace 
in  all  details,  e.\ce[)t  that  no  contact  between  the  Admiraltv  sediments 
an<l  1  he  >ilts  was  observed  at  the  latter  [.lace.  Bretz  suK^-ests  tentatively 
that  the  .Seattle  deposit  may  have  been  formed  in  an  ice-dammed  lake 
•luring  the  a.hame  of  the  Wi^hon  glacier,  but  the  explanation  offered 
alM)ve  seems  to  lit  the  conditions  better  in  ttc  Vancouver  area. 

After  the  building  of  the  bar  across  the  mouth  of  the  estuary  a 
further  uplift  occurre.l  which  brought  the  lan.l  nearly  to  its  pre.'^nt 
level,  and  a  number  of  antecedent  di>tril)utaries  were  tut  in  the  sand 
di-po.it.  These  include  the  Xikomekei-.Serpentine  channel,  the  channel 
at  present  occupied  at  New  Westminster,  and  ijrobabh-  also  the  Burrar.l 
Inlet  and  Brunette-False  Creek  channels.  The  last  two  ha.l  undoubt- 
edly been  cut  in  the  Puget  sandstone  <luring  the  Twisp  epoch  and  were 
occupied  by  the  river  during  the  bar  formation.  The  erosion  later 
inx-olved  only  clearance  of  debris  from  the  channels. 

On  the  higher  parts  of  the  lowland  uhich  were  above  water  during  the 
bar  formation  erosion  progresseil  far  enough  to  [)roduce  an  erosional 
topography,  whic  h  ha<l  in  fact  mature  valleys  at  the  200-foot  level  or  a 
litile  higher.  In  many  places  the  Admiralty  sediments  were  entirely 
removed,  and  they  now  occur  in  patches  which  occupv  hollows  in  the 
surface  of  the  Admiralty  till.  Both  are  now  o\erlaid  unconformably  by 
the  later  Va-hon  till.  Tlie  length  of  the  Puyallup  erosion  interval  is 
indi(ate,l  by  the  fact  that  the  bowlders  of  dioritc  in  the  Admiralty  drift 
are  weathered  completely  through  for  several  feet  below  the  surface,  so 
that  ihev  cut  easily  with  'he  spade  in  making  excavations.  Very  little 
'  J,  1!    lint/,  op.  ,//..  p.  114. 


nl    VriRWHV    DM'uMls    \M)    PHV-Mc  ,H  mmiK     1II-Im«v 


gi 


irun-iainin«  «:i,  u[.-,ervf(l,  howin.-r.  In  ilir  ..virlviiiK  V.i^hmi  till,  on 
llii'  cither  hanil,  the  IkiwMitn  are  liar.l  an<i  wiat.u-m!  only  for  half  or 
ihrcc-(|uartiT^  of  ati  imh  from  the  surface,  whih-  the  thin  till  ^h.cl  is 
^;.•Iu■ral!y  >lainc(|  throuuhoul  IIk-  >;r.alir  oxi.lation  ,,f  the  Va-hon  til! 
may  lie  iluu  to  it^  more  >anily  ioiii|)o-.ition  and  >;rialtr  [Miro-itv. 

This  4aKc  of  u|ilift  ami  itomom  has  hccri  named  thi-  Puvaliiip  inltr- 
t'la.ial  i-i>oth.  lire!/,  ^lati-^  that  in  the  l'u;.'.t  Sound  nrion  the  land 
early  in  the  I'uyallup  e|)o(h  stood  prohahly  i.ooo  feel  higher  than  at 
present.  In  the  Vancouver  region  there  is  nothing  that  woul<i  neiessi- 
tale  a  le\el  murh  higher  than  the  pre-ent,  unless  ite  erosion  i-,  neylec  leil 
a>  an  au'eni  competent  to  deepen  the  lionls.  At  the  maximum  of  the 
Va-hon  Ldaiialion  he  say-  the  sea  stiHxl  ahout  so  feet  higher  than  at 
present,  whieh  corresponds  very  well  with  the  evidence  in  the  Vancouver 
field.'  The  leiiKth  of  the  Tuyallup  e|H)ch,  as  imiicated  hy  erosion  and 
wealheriiiK.  was  longer  than  the  recent. 

S-  Thr  ViiilKin  till.  -The  last  K'acialion  of  the  I'acilic  Coast  i.-, 
represented  l.y  a  till  -heel  which  i>  in  general  mu<h  thinner  than  thai 
deposited  l.y  the  .Admiralty  Klaciation  and  merely  mantles  the  to|M)K- 
raphy  which  had  developed  during  the  I'uyallup  interKlacial  epoch  of 
cro-ion.  The  Vashon  till  varie-  in  the  expo-ure-  seen  from  <  or  4  to 
about  50  teet  in  thickness,  and  over  most  of  the  surface  the  lower  li^ures 
are  much  the  more  common.  In  the  mountain  valleys  it  overlies  the 
.A.lmiralty  clays  to  a  depth  of  about  50  feet.  Holh  till  sheet-  and  the 
inti  rvenin-i  sediments  are  found  on  toj)  of  the  rock  liarriers  at  the  mouths 
of  the  canyons  aixl  dij.  with  the  rock  surface  on  either  side.  The 
ruyallu])  sand-  of  I'oinl  (Jrey  and  the  Surrey  area  are  overlaid  by  a  thin 
till  .-heet  which  contains  bowMer-  of  con-iderable  -i/e.  The  greatest 
thickness  of  Vashon  till  seen  in  any  expo-ure  was  that  at  Si.-,ters'  Creek 
in  the  Capilano  \alJey. 

The  variability  of  the  etTect  of  the  overriding;  ice  on  the  umlcrlyinK 
sediments  is  a  very  noticeable  feature.  .\l  the  top  of  t)ie  liurrard  I'enin- 
bula  rid^e  in  the  northern  outskirts  of  New  Westminster  the  .\dmiralty 
sands  have  been  thrown  into  a  series  of  foM-  ami  plane<l  olT,  while  on 
the  southern  slope  near  Hrunette  Creek  on  Columbia  Street  minute 
"letails  of  pre-\'ashon  stream  ero-ion  are  to  be  .seen  (see  li«.  jo).  Die 
dilTereiue  in  the  ca-es  mentioned  i-  probably  due  to  the  fad  that  the 
e.xjiosures  are  rc-pei  tively  on  the  top  ami  the  lee  side  of  tiie  rid.t^e. 

The  Va-hon  till  is  in  places  weathered  conifiletely  throu;,'h  and 
is  of  a  dark-brown  color.     The   bowlder.-   induded   in  it   are,  however, 

'  J    II    UtkU.  II  iiilijii^loii  G'Lil.  .Si<r.-.  liuii'lin  ,1.  p.  :i. 


9a 


TIIK    (,HiI.l(,V    iiF    \\S(()l\lk     \S|)    MUSIIS 


romparativcly  frch,  while   tlins.    in    llic  iipixr  |.,iri  ..l    tin-  A.lmirally 
•irjfi  an-  utscn  <lc'ii)tii|i()~oc|, 

Ihi-  Va-liiiii  iic  -hcii   |s  sii"l  liy  Hnt/'  to  li.ur  lum  at   l.a-l  as 
Kriai  111  lAtiiii  a-,   ihr  Ailiniraliy.  aliliuii«h   its  nii.rainu    monl    are 


xl^ 


^•»«*^* 


-<^.-:;^->'  *'^ 


/  'jv-f": 


Ki 


I.,  -'o.  '-,j,  \.i-hi,n  (ill;  A,  , ,  A.lmiralty  M'dimvnt- 


cc.niparatively  meaner.  Tht-  latter  fatt  mav  have  l„  ,.n  <luc  to  a  ritrcat 
mere  rapid  thati  that  of  iho  A.lmiralty  i,  c,  hut  for  reasi.ns  already  ^-iven 
(p.  84)  wf  must  also  inter  that  the  Vashon  ha<i  less  erosive' etTcct 
Striations  and  erratics  on  the  summit  of  Mount  Strahan  f.s.ocso  feet )  show 
that  the  surface  of  the  i(e  was  at  least  above  that  ele\ation  where  it 
descende<l  from  the  Coast  Kange.  The  bottom  of  Ifowe  Sound,  adjacent 
'Op.  ill.,  p.  17. 


cjt   \rKRN\KY    DH'iiSITS   .\N1>   I'HVSli  M.kAHIIll"   KIsToKV 


•;( 


Id  Mount  Struhan,  is  800  ft-it  Ik-Idw  <ca-lrvil.  The  iif  thiiknt-ss  was 
tlurt'fore  nearly  6,ooo  fict.  Forty  niilf.  farthi-r  north  on  Black  Tusk 
Mountain  thf  upjur  hniit  of  the  ici-  was  U-twien  '>,>oo  an<l  7,000  fi-ft 
in  aitituiie,  while  the  a<ljaient  t  lieakanious  Valky  is  not  over  i.joo  feet. 
The  thickness  there  v.as  therefore  from  5,500  to  5,800  feet.  In  its 
retreat  outwash  ile|M)sii>  overlying  the  moraines  were  <le()<)site<l  in  the 
I.ynn  and  -.ymour  \alleys,  .mil  alon«  the  xiuth  side  of  Uurratd  Inlet 
or  the  north  --lope  oi  North  Mountain  certain  coiirse  de{M)sits  of  lM)wl<iers 


...-^ 


^ 


"  KLV_ 


1-A. 


S(  %M.  —  M'truonLiI.  it  inthr^*-!  mile 

\pflKaI.  10  timn  Ihf  Loriz-mlAl 

Swtion  iiiross  the  vmlh  ruliif  'if  llumril  IVniiKul.i  'in  ttu-  line  of  (IranvilU-  Slrn't 


°    r, 

'  .'^    o     0    a  o 

section  'if  terrace  .it  corner  of  (Kliorne  R.U'l  ami  St.  (leorRe's  .\venue.  North 

V'.irn 'iu\  er.  It  ('. 

Fi...  -M 


and  sand  are  so  inlerpreleil.  The  very  larce  valley  train  which  was 
de[K)sited  i".  the  Fra^cr  Canyon  above  Hojie  is  worthy  of  mention  also. 

.\^  a'.riTidv  noted,  liu  ■;  sessional  slases  of  the  ice  were  recorded  by 
the  cutting  of  ciniues  at  successively  higher  elevations,  ami  e-|)ecially 
upon  th-i  northern  "-lopes  of  the  mountains.  These  are  in  some  cases  so 
extensive  that  they  include  in  their  vertical  (!evelo[>mcnl  nearly  the 
whole  of  the  to|K)j;ra[)hic  stages  lielow  the  Methow  and  above  the  ."^lehe- 
kin,  but  ordinarily  are  confined  to  one  <ir  two. 

Rennt  mnvemcnl  and  dcposilion^ — .\\.  the  close  of  the  Vashon  <^lacia- 
tion  the  ^ea  r-tood  at  a  level  of  at  least  760  and  perhajis  Soo  feet  hi<^her 
than  now.  As  indicated  Iiy  the  ab^eiue  of  slratitieil  drift,  a  conipara- 
lively  raiiid  rise  look  place,  whose  resting  stages  are  marked  by  terraces. 


.lUi 


<'..Ki.i  I  vrvs   TmiI,! 


TAHI.I,  \V 


3  (,  L.   I       = 

£  5'-  ?  ^   -3 
c  -  c  (/.     — 


£.-  I  1^-   ,  ii  I  £ !«     y      *? 


c  r  1: 

c  1 ::   J  3 


«5 
loo 


I   40 

67   60 


»5 


130  i 

to 

I«4 


105 
to 


1-Uin) 


8s  ]   87 


•7?   ,   175 

to   

1R8 


225  I  235      1 
to 


J41 
J66 


'75     to 

I  380 


141 
tu 
147 


I  "i 


205     200 


187 


"5  I      i" 


307 

t        JOS 

1  110 



lot 

400 

tn 

1           400 

440 

44  ■ 

i 
1 

460 

450  j 

— . 1, ' 

Sio 

iSO 

59" 

too 

600 

1 

650 

7iO 

!       i 

I  3S0  i 


(,il' Ml  KS  \KV    l)lPii>llS    AND    I'll  \  <ll)C,K  \PHIC    mTilK\ 


Tabic  W  indivaics  tht-  extent  tu  «hirli  it  ha>  Ixin  jio-ilrlt' 


til  idrrihtli 


th 


t^f  o\tT  a  (li>tan(f  ot  ^o  nn 


troni 


II< 


Wl-   >(lllll 


1  1(1  Mi^ioti  JiiiKti 


till'  Frascr  Valloy.     Tlu'  lic-^t  rfKinkd  >iaLri-  arc  thd-c  at 


(lOo.  440. 


400.   -,00    27s,  22: 


1 10,  So,  anil  (10  feci. 


'K'  uiipcr  tcrrari'^  arc 


cut  in  \'a>hi>n  till,  with  licarli  (lc]Ki-its  upnn  their  to[)-,  in  which,  a-<  yd. 
no  marine  >hells  have  been  fmiml.  Slul'-  have,  however,  been  fouml  in 
the  till  it-^cll'.  .\  vtrikin«  (oiniiilcnce  c.xi-ts  between  these  lc\eU  and 
tho>e  a->>i,une(l  to  ),'latial  lakc~  in  the  I'u'jct  Souml  region'  whiJi  .ire 
a?  given  in  Table  W'l. 

TAIil.l,  W  I 


l..ike  l'uyalli;|i  (Clinp  si 

acit 

553  feet 

l.,iki-  I'uyallup  (t'Invcr 

■r.-ck 

400     ■ 

400 

liet 

l.,iki-  Skiikomish 

,>;o     " 

K.irly  I.:ike  'l\Hiima 

^:o     " 

,l.'o 

Itet 

I.iikc  SamniLimish 

00 

.iOO 

Lake  Snohomish 

:  ■  1     " 

-4.: 

Lake   Taioma 

J  ^^ 

'S5 

" 

Like  no..(l 

1  -~     '■ 

--5 

Lake  .Misqu.illv 

1  s-^     ■■ 

175 

Lake  Kuss.ll 

ll>n     •' 

150 

■' 

L.ike  Russfll 

I  .'0     " 

I  1  s 

The  coincidence  in  the  hci^;ht  oi  these  le\cl,s  witii  the  terrau-  at 
Vancouver  seems  much  too  ureat  to  be  accidental,  and  the  writer  has 
not  been  able  to  decide  how  the  ice  front  necessary  to  e\]>lain  the  presence 
of  a  glacial  lake  could  exist  in  Puijct  .Sound  contemporaneousK-  with  the 
(Uttiiij;  of  marine  terraces  and  deposition  of  (lellas  at  \'ancou\er.  If  we 
su[)[)ose  the  V'ancoux'er  terraces  to  be  formed  in  glacial  lakes,  the  min- 
cidences  in  levels  remain  unexplained,  and  very  sjiec  ial  ice  conditions 
must  be  imagined.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  sea  stood  at  these  le\els 
after  the  entire  retreat  of  the  ice.  the  channels  whith  are  considered  to 
have  been  the  outlel.s  of  the  glacial  lakes  would  be  invaded  bv  the  sea 
and,  where  the  water  was  shallow,  would  be  siilij,.(t  to  the  erosion  of 
tidal  currents,  which  might  lower  them  ((insiikrably  .is  the  land  eiiieru'cd, 
if  the  divide  was  composed  of  drift. 

The  terraces  up  to  180  feet  at  the  mouth  of  the  C'apilano  and  ilmse 
up  to  215  feel  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seymour  Canyon  are  delta  terrai  ■•, 
formed  by  the  streams  in  question  and  are  composed  of  sand  and  gra\el 
dispored  in  foreseland  topset  bed.s.    Other. -trcam.s,  .suih  as  (.\  pi  ess  Creek 

•  J.  IL  (iret/,  IWi^hiiigli'ii  Ural.  Sun..  l':,:Utin  s. 


06 


Tin:    GK(.I.<).;Y   of    VANCOIVKR    AM)    Vlf-IMTY 


an.l  those  that  ll.,u-  ,l.,wn  the-  .t.cp  slopes  of  the  Strahan-Brunswick 
Kan«e  .nto  Howe  Sound.  al,o  have  elevated  delta  terraces  which  are 
convenient  to  tidewater  and  are  beinR  utilize.l  as  a  source  of  Rrasei  and 
san.i.  The  Iar«e  sand  ,le[...sit  at  Whvte  Cliff,  which  forms  a  flat  at 
almul  ,2^  icet.  ,s  probably  of  similar  origin,  hut  may  he  due  to  wave- 
acuon  tdhnK  ,n  a  bay  or  channel  between  rocky  islands  and  the  main 

The  tlat-topped  deposits  of  san.l  an,i  gravel  at  Lan«lev  probahlv 
represent  delta  <iepo.ition  by  the  Fraser  when  the  sea  stood  at'  that  level 
1  hey  are  about  50  feet  above  the  |,resent  sea-level 

The  present  delta  an,l  Hood-plains  of  the  Fraser  are  composed  of  fine 
sit  overlaid  by  peal  deports,  which  in  some  cases  cover  a  considerable 
area.     As  they  he  largel)-  below  sea-level  and  their  upper  surfaces  are 
for  the  most  part  below  spring  tides,  little  i,  known  as  to  their  thickness. 
The  ,ea  clitTs  at  Point  Grey.  Point  Roberts,  and  Boundary  Bay  in  each 
case  al>out  .00  feel  in  height,  are  furni>hinK  material,  for  offshore'  depoM- 
tion,  but  undoubtedly  the  greatest  depo.sitional  activity  of  the  present  i. 
hal  of  the  I.raser  River.     This  is  true,  not  only  as  to  the  delta  front, 
but  al>o  as  regards  the  lorn.ation  of  bottom-set  beds  which  extend  far 
out  over  the  bottom  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  whose  waters  are  discolored 
In  Mil  lor  many  nule.  beyond  the  delta  from.     Gravelly  .iellas  of  hi-her 
gradient  than  that  of  the  Fraser  are  also  being  de,,osit;.d  at  the  moCths 
01  mounuun  .-ireams.     Of  these,  iho.e  of  the  Capilano,  Lynn,  and  Sey- 
mour creeks  are  important,  as  they  furnish  extenMve  level's  available  for 
railway  use  adjacent  ,0  the  harbor  of  Xorth  Nancouver.     l;el,a>  are 
.il.-o  to  be  found  at  the  head>  k^{  ail  the  fiords. 

riivsi.j,,K\i'inc  HisroRN  of  tiik  pleistockxk 
I'he  various  erosion  stages  which  are  observable  in  the  mountainous 
part   „l  „H.  reg.on   ha-.e  already  been  described  in  general  (chap    ii) 
remain,  to  consider  th.-ir  de^elopnu.ni  in  the  area  in  question  and 
h.    ,ue.„on   o,   thcr  correlation   with   the   typical  region   in  central 

.,n.lK.d'l  vu"n"'  '^7f '/'r-'^'h*^  "^"^^  ^I^^how  peneplain  has  been 
centra  \  ashmgton  subsequent  to  the  Miocene  lavas  and  to  the  deposi- 
tion ,f  the  (upper  .Miocene)  FlleMs„urg  formation.'  The  period  when 
pcpeplanatum  was  r.-aehed  mi.t  therefore  have  been  well  on  in  the 
Pliocene  or   early    Pleistocene.     A   .-ubsequent    uplift,   effected   in    tu" 

'  c.  ".  s,,mh.  r.,v,  (;,„/.  Sun.,  roll,,  ,.,6.  m,,,,,,,  s„„,  o,,,,,,,,,,,. 


i.irATIRNAHV    DF.POSITS    AND    PIIVSK'OKArlllC    HISTORY 


<)7 


Iirincipal  stages,  with  a  lon^  erosion  interval  followini;  rach.  has  [.r.i- 
(iu(t<l  the  Cascade  Range,  in  which  the  peneplain  i-  now  repre^enle.i  i>y 
accordant  summits  or  terraces  near  the  summits. 

The  Coast  Range  as  a  whole  may  he  considere<i  as  a  di-sected  llal- 
toppcd  anticline.  There  has  heen  little  subsidiary  folding,  and  the 
etTect  is  that  of  an  u|)thrust  block  bounded  at  the  edges  bv  monoclinal 
upwarps,  but  faulting  has  played  a  very  con-iderable  part  in  the  resulting 
structure.  The  total  ujilifl  amounts  to  about  S,ooo  feet  on  the  average 
in  the  center  of  the  range.  It  oci  urred  in  a  number  of  sue  ces>ive  stages, 
beginning  when  the  area  now  occupied  by  the  range  had  been  reduced  to  a 
peneplain  near  sea-level,  above  which  rose  a  few  nionadnocks,  erosion 
remnants  of  an  older  range.  This  pene|)lain  is  now  represented  by  th;- 
warped  surface  to  which  the  accordant  summits  of  the  range  approximate, 
and  by  some  parts  of  the  i)rotiles  of  the  marginal  spurs.  In  a  few  casc> 
near  the  e<lge  and  also  nea.--  the  axis  of  the  range  there  are  considerable 
flat  areas  on  the  summits,  but  in  most  the  sunmiit  is  merciv  an  ap|)roxi- 
mation  to  the  original  surface.  The  accordance  of  summits,  however, 
is  very  marked,  and  a  plane  projected  through  them  exhibits  the  tkt- 
topp>-d  anticlinal  iorm  to  a  striking  fiegree. 

In  the  Vancouver  region  there  is  no  way  in  which  the  age  of  the 
summit  level  corresponding  to  the  Methow  of  the  Cascades  lan  be  so 
delinitely  tixcd.  The  Eocene  rocks  of  the  I'uget  series  ha\e  been  in\-ol  vcd 
in  the  upwarj)  on  Malasjiina  Strait  to  the  west  of  Jervis  Inlet,  and  it 
would  therefore  ap[)ear  that  the  planation  was  post-Iu)cene.  Data  are 
lacking,  however,  as  to  the  truncation  of  the  beds  in  that  locality.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Vancouver  the  Puget  beds  are  tilled  and  truncated,  but 
their  implication  in  the  ujnvarped  surface  is  not  sulTiciently  clear  to  be  . 
demonstrative.  It  may  be  considered  as  [iroved,  however,  that  the 
u|)lift  of  the  range,  or  at  least  of  the  last  stages  of  it,  was  post-Kocene. 
The  Eocene  strata  are  also  intruded  by  trachytes,  andesites,  and  basiilts 
whose  date  can  hardly  be  Miocene  or  younger.  Lavas  whic  h  are  [iro- 
visionally  correlated  with  these  occur  iii  the  higher  parts  of  the  range 
at  Black  Tusk  Mountain  and  elsewhere.  They  aj)pear  to  ha\e  been 
solidilied  in  valleys  whose  bottoms  lie  considerably  below  the  level  of 
adjacent  summits.  At  first  view  this  would  indicate  that  the  valleys, 
and  therefore  the  lavas,  are  younger  than  the  penejilain.  It  is  never- 
theless possible  that  they  are  older,  since  the  highest  peaks  composed 
of  the  lava  are  near  the  summit  level,  and  others  are  faulted  to  a  lower 
position.  It  would  then  be  necessary  to  supjiose  that  valle>s  which 
existed   prior   to  planation   were  partly  tilled   by  lava,  and  the  later 


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IHI     ■■!  "IcH.v   llF    VWCdl  \|,K     WD    VICISlrV 


(.laii.-uioii  riTii.niMl  iIr-  imiTvi'iiin-  hi,i;lilan.l>  d.iun  In  the  l.svl  ,,|  i!u' 
lava.  A-  llu  l..,aliiy  i^  n„lv  40  niilc^  i'um  ilu-  .ra,  ami  the  ia\a  al„Hit 
looo  t.Tl  Iln.k,  tiirrr  nni^l  havr  Imtii  suI,m,U.,kc  ennui;!,  to  lower  llu- 
liotlom  ol  the  lava  l.clou  >ca-level  l.tlorc  planation. 

On  the  t.rM  hypolhe-is  liiat  the  lava  i,  yoiin-er  than  ih-  piaiiatior, 
the  ,|ate  01  l.oth  rem,, in.  uncertain,  exeepi  that  the  upwarp  of  the  pene- 
plan,  ua.  po-t-Koa  r,e.  The  vallev-  nntiht  then  have  been  earlv  .Munene 
or  later,  an.l  the  lava,  late  Mioeene.  or  later.  Ihe  Maye  of  ero-ion 
uhuh  H  o.rrelatol  with  the  Kn'iat  of  Wa^luiiKlon  wa,  subsequent  to 
the  lavas. 

On  Ihe  hyp..ihe>is  that  the  lava-  uere  older  than  the  sunnnil  pene- 
I'lain,  the  planation  wa.  prohal.ly  of  I'lioeene  or  earlv  IMei.stoeene  date 
and  .ontemporaneou-  wit'  i:;e  .Methow  <,f  WilHs  and'smith.  The  fact 
Ihat  it  would  he  copteniporaneous.  to-ether  with  the  fact  that  the 
suh-e,,ueMt  .ta,-e,>  of  eroMo,,  aK,,  e.,rrelate  very  well,  olTer>  sonte  support 
to  the    eeond  hypothesi-.. 

The  Keneral  ehara.  ter  and  warping  of  the  summit  i)lane  have  alreadv 
hcen  descril-ed  (pp.  ,5  ,(,,  and  need  not  be  detailed  here.  The  ran-e 
as  a  whole  may  be  lhouf,'lit  of  as  a  disseeted  plateau, 

2.   The   Ential. -Thv   elevation    ,.f    the    summits   above    the    lower 
tlattish  surfaces  uhieh  are  a^si^ned  to  the  Kntiat  staue  varies  within  the 
remon  Iron,  400  leet  at  (irou.-e  Mountain,  near  the  e.iRe  of  the  ran-e   to 
about  ^ooo  teet  in  the  nei,t;hb<,rhoo,l  of  Mount  tiaribakli,  40  mile-  novU 
I  he  latter  lifiure  J.  probably  tiie  antount  of  the  Kntiat  uplift      Mature 
valley,  were  develope.l  beiow  the  Methow  after  its  llrst   upwarp    which 
in  ~on,e  .a-e.  .attained  the  depth  noted  above.      In  this  sta;:e  of  ero-ion 
the  pre-ent   drama-e  lines  w,-re  therefore  in  -eneral  well  deline.j    but 
many  ot  the  divides  were  low.     The  upper  fap.la.u,  Vallev  mav  have 
been  ,.,nl,ne<l  to  ,t-  pre-enl  we-lern  branch,  while  the  waters  of  the  ea-t 
ern  branch  rea.  hed  the  -ea  by  way  of  i.vnn  Creek.     Thi-  is  su^.-e^ted 
l.v      :  '   the  alu:nn,ent  of  l,y„n  Creek   with  the  upper  part  of  the  ea-t 
.>ramh  ,.|  the  Capilano.  (.:  a  throud,  valley  or  ;:ap  which  cro-es  the 
divide  between  the  two,  and  i.^i  the  fact  that  the  small  stream  which 
Ih.ws  iron,  the  north  side  of  the  .lividc  to  the  Capilano  m.ike-  an  acute 
anule  with  the  Capilano  on  the  downstream  side.     The  vallevs  on  both 
sides  01  the  .hv.de  have  since  been  .lev eloped  bv  daciation' into  lan^e 
ciniues,  makms  conclu-ive  evidence  unobtainable. 

.\;  the  en,i  of  the  Kntiat  slaize  mature  vallev-  had  developed  whose 
tl.".r-  n,  ine  .a-e  of  the  Ca[,ilano  an.l  Seymour  were  about  ihree  n,iles 
wi.ie.  while  the  mterstream  upland-  ha.l  been  re.luced  to  sntall  ,lin,en- 


.■r\llkS\k\     li|Pu>II,     \M)    1'1I'|>M,.H\|>|1H      IIIMMKS 


-iim-,  iinil  in  tinny  pun-  nuiMil.Talily  I,, a,  rnl  A  ii-u  till  rei.uiuil  llii 
-uriaic-  .■ittriliutiililc  to  the  oriL'inal  pfncplaiii.  hut  in  nid-t  (a-c^  iht- 
«livi.lc-  wiTi-  sharj).  lila,  k  ami  Whito  mountain-  mar  the  coa-t.  ami 
.Mount  .Manii|uani  inlami.  arc  ilal-ioppd  la-f-. 

^  The  Iiiixp  v/,ii,'c.  -'I'lif  uplill  followinu'  the  Knliat  ^tai;t•  cxtrmlnl 
ihf  lionicr-  of  the  rani^t-  laUTalK-.  -o  that  thf  Kntiat  tVatun-  arc  not 
louml  near  the  iiresetil  coast  or  lowland.  'Ihf  \<  riii  al  inovi'tmtil  appiar- 
to  have  birn  nearly  4,000  iVct  near  the  loa-t  and  over  5.000  at  the  axi> 
of  the  ranee,  as  shown  l>y  the  present  elevation  of  Kntiat  valkv  ll(/ors, 
l.Soo  to  5.000  feet,  and  the  depth  of  the  canMin-  lielow  theni.  The 
>tream  piracy  already  note<l  ,p.  o.S)  iMUst  havt  occurred,  if  at  all.  >hortiy 
after  the  uplift  began,  since  the  divide  above  Lynn  Lake  is  now  -li^htK 
more  than  ^,200  feet  above  sea-level  an<l  450  feet  al)ove  the  lake  in  the 
cir(|ue  on  the  south  side  which  forms  the  present  head«:iter>  of  L>nn 
Creek. 

The  Capilano  Valley  above  the  waterworks  intake  i>  fullv  ^.000 
feet  deep,  and  the  Lynn  \'alley  near  the  forks  i-  alMiut  4,000.  In  the 
latter  ca^e  the  extreme  steepness  of  the  spurs  and  ridi^es  render-  the elTect 
very  striking. 

4,  The  Chelan  ■^/ai;;'.— Xear  Vancou\er,  as  el-ewhere  in  the  rant'e. 
tile  n.undini;  of  the  valley  bottoms  by  giai  ia!  a<tion  i-  \erv  m.irkeii. 
i'he  Capilano  \'alle\  furni-hes  perhap-  the  mo-t  -IrikinK  in>tatue 
of  rounded  form,  while  Howe  .^ound  di^play^  tiie  gre:ile-.t  amount  of 
deei)enin;;.  The  question  of  valley  deejieiiini;  and  the  formation  of 
rock  ba-ins  has  been  consi<lered  under  the  .A.lmiralty  «laciation.  The 
name  "Chelan  slaRc"  is  taken  from  the  Lake  Chelan  reu'ion  ..;  ilie 
east  side  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  \\here  it  represents  the  period  of 
Slaciation  following  the  Twisp  -taue  of  uplift  and  lanyon-cuttinu'.  In 
that  reirion  there  i-  no  reconl  of  two  <jiaciation-  later  than  the  Twi-ji, 
The  term  "Chelan, "  if  applied  to  the  coast  rcijion,  must  be  made  to 
cover  the  two  periods  of  glaciation  to  which  the  names  .\(imiralt\-  and 
\  ashon  ha\e  been  K'iven  in  the  I'uget  Soumi  nL'ion,  s'lue  the  ulai  iai 
modilication  of  the  Twisp  topoKra[)hy  extended  our  both  the  .Vlmiraltv 
and  the  Va-hon  [leiio;,-  ,,  >;laciati.)n,  Willis  make-  the  Chelan  -ia<;e 
equivalent  only  to  the  last  glacial  epoch  which  .itTecled  the  region,  and 
hence  the  use  that  is  made  of  the  name  here  applies  rather  to  its  plai  e 
as  a  stage  in  the  phy-iographic  development  than  to  a  time  correlation. 
While  it  is  not  certain  that  two  till  -heet-  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  deeper 
valleys,  that  is  certainly  the  condition  of  atTair-  in  the  Capilano  \'alley 
wherc\er  dee])  section-  are  to  be  .seen,  while  the  L\iin  aifl  other  \alli\s 


lOO 


Mil     <.l(i|nc,Y    i,V    VWrfirviK    AM)    M(IMiV 


Imc  cx,K,H,ns„f  l.minat.-l  .lay.  whi.h  arc-  in  all  r.-.,,nt.  similar  t,. 
tin-  A.lm.rahv  .  lay..  Th.  Admiralty  -Irif,  n,av  hau  Ih-.u  r..n,„v..,l  l.v 
i-Tusi(,n  III  the  l.,:kc  {  li.lan  re-ion. 

In  tnc  Lake  Chrlan  r.-ion  tlu-  Kniiai  mult  i..  stat.,1  ,„  |„.  ...ntom. 
l-ran.,n,.  with  tlu-  llrst  da.iatum,  if  ,u.  h  an  .•[,,,.  h  ol  .-lanatmn  ,an  l,c 
pn.u.l  l,>  have  ,„,urrc,|.  luit  tlu-  ..t  ,„  i„,„,era|,hir  f.-aiure.  whirh  in 
llic  \an,ouvcr  r.-j:ion  n.rrcspnn.i  f.  the  Kniiat.  l.uth  in  („Mtmn  and  in 
Maue  <,t  maturity,  mu^t  he  pla.  ,.1  Infor.'  the  laM  f.s  ,-la,  i;Mi„ns  a,  wc-U 
a.  an  n|>l,ft  pnrolin;;  them.  It  is  evident,  ilurrfnr.,  that  the  physio- 
graphic ...rrelation  uhi.  h  ha.  l,e.-n  made-  niu^t  he  r.-.-ar.lnl  a-  ,li,tinctlv 
piii\  i~i(inal. 

The  .L'reat  uplift  in  the  Cascades,  ani„untin,i.'  to  ,.ooo  feet  which 
ini.rs.nes  l„  iwecii  the  Flniiat  an.l  the  Chelan  an.l  involve.l  the  <  uttin« 
ol  \crv  lar.-e  canyon>  <oul.l  hardly  he  correlate.!  with  the  -li-dit  ui.lift 
nf  the  I'uyallup  epoch,  foll.ixve.l  hy  erosion  .lurin-  which  a  Mream  like 
the  Iraser  remov..|  only  loo  f.rl  of  .Irift  at  the  greatest  e-tiniate  and 
other  s,r,.am.  mu.  h  le-s,  .\Ioreo.,,.r,  the  pre-A.lmiraltv  uplift' an.l 
eroMon  ,1.,  ...mpare  Nery  clo,ely  with  the  Twi.p  of  ,he  Casca.les  hoth  in 
amount  .,I  uphtt  an.j  in  the  stace  .,f  .leM'lopment  reachcl  hv  the  <uh- 
se.jUent  er.ision  hefore  {^lacialion  supervened. 

S-  T/,r  Slrhrkin  v/.,^r  .r.,nsi.,t>  of  po.t^^la.  ial  .anvons.  Thcv  are  a 
well-known  feature  of  the  l.Kal  scenery  to  which  visitors  frequentlv  arc 
dir.Tt..,!.  iheir  hi.t.,ry  In-an  after  the  p.-Mirkuial  uplil,  ha.l  rai.e.i 
the  rock  harner.  through  whi.  h  th.'v  are  ,  ut  alM,^e  .ea-level  In  the 
n.s..  o.  th,-  Capilano  tlii.  wa,  400  teet  ahove  the  prcsc-nt  tide-mark 
Ka.t  .,1  the  hrink  .,t  the  Capilano  Canyon  i-  a  channel,  ahout  50  feet 
in  depth,  which  was  cut  in  the  top  of  the  rock  harrier  an.l  for  -.,me 
reason  ahan.lone.l  in  tavor  of  th.-  present  .anv.m.  whose  walls  are  n..t 
far  from  vertical,  nearly  .500  fe.l  in  heii;ht.  and  .,uile  un^aciat.-.i 

1  he  .inkm^  01  the  lan.l  .lurin«  ea<  h  .,f  the  two  da,  iations  (referred  to 
on  p.  ^f,  an.l  ,,^)  ..u^-ests  that  the  weiLdu  of  the  iu-  .ap  mav  liase 
heen  ettective  in  |.roducin^  a  rea.ijustn.enl  .,f  level.  If  the  avera-e 
lliHkne,.  ol  i.e  oser  valleys  was  5.000  feet  an.l  the  averauc  over  the 
wh.,1,.  ran,,e  .,000.  the  weight  ..1  the  ice  w.mid  he  e.|ui^alent  to  ahout 
.Soo  teet  01  r.,ck  of  a  spcxitic  ^-ravity  ..f  ,  5,  an. I  ,Soo  feet  corre>,,.,n.K 
clo>eIy  with  the  am.n.nl  of  .uhmer:zen.  e  in  the  Vancouver  rej;iun  at  ihe 
close  01  the  \'a~h.,n  ,dacia.K,n.  The  A.lmiralty  suhmerj^ence  ai.pears 
to  have  hecn  greater.  I,  is  t..  he  note.l,  h.,wever.  that  a  part  at  lea.t 
o  the  l.o>tj.la.ial  uplift  seem.  t.>  have  heen  ..„.m.,n  to  the  coa>,  >.,uth 
ot  th,-  Cor.hlleran  ice  sheet,  a.  >hown  hy  the  terrace,,  on  the  coa.t  .>f 


:^ 


'i 


4 

I 
m 


-■-     r,»  !.    l,:irn.  r 

"iiMilh  III   ii,   ■. 

ll.H   ku'Iil'lllil 

-url.ii  I-  .iliMi  , 


|"-l-l.|,   I,, I    -Ml-.j,     ,   ,,,    l!|,,,i!-h 

liir   <'.i|iil,mii   (il.ii  i,r    111  ,11    ilii 
'In    tn.MiiiI.iiii   ill    III,- 

'  "     -Ulil    ,111   '■  Ijlli.il  " 


Ql'ATF.HNAKY    DEPOSITS   ANO   I'll YMi>,,KAl>IIIC   IIIM.>KV 


Oregon  at  22^  and  soo  Ut-t 
al)()vi'  -ea-li-vt'l.'  Y\wn-  also 
thf  IihhI  -ummil  levels  rise 
from  2,000  feci  to 4,000  feet, 
and  mature  U|)|)er  valleys 
which  (>|ien  upon  terraces 
cut  at  1,000  feet  ahove  the 
sea  are  iniised  hy  canvon- 
hke  inner  valleys.  These 
features  recall  slront;ly  the 
Methow,  Kntiat.and  1  v\iN|) 
slaves  elsewhere. 

The  correlation  of  the 
Stehekin  stase  in  Washing- 
ton with  the  tultin«  of  the 
Caiiilano  and  other  canyons 
is  a  matter  whi(  h  presents 
no  dilTu  ulty.  Hoth  are 
ob\iousl\  [M)st>;latial. 

Tfic  Chelan  v/(i;'c. -The 
staae  of  the  formation  of 
U-shai)ed  valleys,  which,  in 
this  region,  is  shown  to  have 
occurred  in  the  Admiralty 
glacial  advance,  is  here  made 
to  include  also  the  Puyallu[) 
and  X'ashon  epochs.  Its 
dclinition  t>y  Smith  would 
include  only  the  last  glacial 
epoch.  It  has  alrea<!y  been 
shown,  if  we  extend  the  term 
Chelan  to  co\er  hoth  the 
Aiimiralty  ami  \'ashon  gla- 
ciations,  that  in  it  were  in- 
cluded two  subsiilences  with 
an  intervening  uplift.  The 
reasons  for  correlating  it  as 
.-tatcd  have  alreaiiy  been 
outlined. 

'  r..S.  Old.  Siin.,  Fori  thforj  Folio. 


■"Jt'S 


"'•t'-jg  j'-'Oi^ 


•o/v^ 


'J  o*o//*>j 


\  \V<  III  \  I  K     \M)    V  u  ISin 


I  li'-  I  -.v  >-]>  an.l  i;„tMt  ,ia«.-,,  l„,ih  a-  r.x'ar.K  ll„  :u„.,unl  i.|  ,,iK  am  ,■. 
ni.ni  ■AlM.hih,  .■r...ii,nmuh.-li„,.a,l,  .a„.  ami  „,  ((„•  .,„al  anmuni  m 
''I'l'".  .'■rr,  -iiiiml  v.tv  uvII  u,th  ,1,..  l.,|„„.ra,ihM  Iv,.,-  «„h  u|,„h  rh.v 
liavi   liii  n  .(irrilaltrl  in  iliU  |ia|i.  r 

11.,^  K.n.ral  .iirrr,,„.mlrm ,-  i,,'  ,1„  ^„u,„.,r  .  m  1, ,  ,„  ,p,.„,„  ,„ 
\\..-h„a-ii.n  u„l,  ,1,,,..  „>  .1,1  CiiaM  i<,.M.r.,i  lin.i.h  ColumliM  niaU,  it 
■'i'l-.T  |.ri.li,,M.  ilu.  .1,,.  M„nnu.  l.wN  „,  l,.,ih  .aM-.  rrjirr,..,,.  ,!„■  su,,.. 
'  ^''''''''''-'''v.'rr.iili.  r.,.rr.-,|,,,,,|aMa.i,iMa,  all  In  .in.  malUT 
l>..K  .utai  k.  ilu-  mm  lu^i.in-  II.  k„-„.||,  s,„„l,,  ami  W  ,11,.  i„  Wa.hi.mt.m 
■'"■I  In.  aruu,,,,,,.,  n„uh,  apply  vmiI,  ,.,|ual  fur..-  l„  ,l,c-  Ca^t  Kani;,-  nj 
ltnt,-l.(,il,„„li,a'  H.-...,U-M,„.„iMnt:tn.Tal.ha.  M.mmi.  aMiirilamc 
1^  .  .•v.l.i|,.,|  u„|„„  ,,  ,„,,u,„ai„  ranu>-  l,y  .au-.-  «!„.  1,  arr  -pon.a.u.,,,, 
anil  ,„i|.p,n.|...,.  1,1  pn.^i,,,,,  pla,>a.,„n  |„  ,[„.  h.-  au-r.-.s  «,.|,  (,  \I 
'au-„„,  al,.,  l,,lu,.,  ,|,a,  i|,„..r..n.,al  ,r„Mon  .s  .ulliuc-nl  t„  ai.ount 
I'T  Mi,.Hn..  ...nuinlamr  T,.  ,h„  l,aly  a.M,  is.,.,a.i,  a.iju.tnun.,  Ih.- 
"i-rr  r..>,Ma,„  ,,ual,.,.,  „,    ,(,.  /.„„,  „f   ,„,.ia>m.rphi>m  ami    ,h,-  m.p.T 

-"''•"'■ '""'"'"''-  ■■' l"'r-l  "Hi,  .1,.-  ov.rlv,,,,.  unal..n-l  „r  k.s 

;:-'l>^'^'  '.rra,,,.      1,  i,  ,,a..,|  .ha.  l.^d-toppnl  ,p„:.,  l,k.  .1,....  of  ,he 

Knuai    ,n,,lu  l.c  .U.v..l,.p..,i  |,,li,w  ,h,.  ^unnm  Uv.K  l.v  .n.-rn-lin-  ice 

«  Ilk-  Ilu-  >u-  l,Hvs.n>  r.n>aim-ii  -.a«nan.,  I,ut  ii  -  mi,  ,|,ar  ,„  .h.  uriu-r 

vvl.y  ...  M..I,  .a..-  .1,..  ,pur.  .h„„|,|  I,.,  mil  only  Lvl  l.u.  aaonlan.  ,.vcr 

coMs.iU-ral.lr  ,l„,am.,  nua-uml  a,  ridu  anyU-,  to  th.  n,ovc....-nt  ot  the 

">■■     It  .>  r.o.  ii.„inl  h.r.  that  thcs   n.av  have-  I'or.m-il  part  ol  a  .una.  c 

«M..alH  liy  a  pr.-lw.p  dacia.ion,  ami  it  i.  |„.li,-v.,l  thai  th.-v  urrc- 

"v.-rr,i|,K.n   l,v    l.o.h   .1,,.   Ail.nirahv   ami   Va.h.m  ,'kuiation.  aftVr   the 

uplilt  anil  .TiiMon  tor  uhuh  the-  nan.e  ■l\u.^,  ha.  Inrn  a,lop,..,l      The- 

j.r.-M-.,.  untrr  ha.  .„a.k  lull  u...  of  the  iheorv  of  uplif,.  follouin-  plana- 

•■"n,  Mme   „    .orrelale.   the  phy.,o,rraph>    of   .he  Coa..    an-l   Casea.le 

ran.e.   ven    .o.rple.ely  ami  .een,.  on   ,he   uhole   to  furnLh   the  heM 

.xHana.,,,,,  o,   tl„.  .„im,ile„,e.  Iietween  ,he  Uu,  re«ion..  one  of  whi.h 

«--  heav.lv  ,.la,,ate,l,   ulnle   ,he  other  ua>  alTeetei!   onlv   U   vallev 

Klaciatiiin. 


'!<      \     I'.iIn.  (..I'/.  .S(,r.,  t  Jl„;,/j.  .1/,, 


pp.  '-.-I 


.■;? 


iXDKX 


IXDKX 


Admiralty,  till.  Ki ; 
An<le.<ile.  3(1,  -^q,  43, 
Aplitfs,  SI,  55 


idimcnts,  85 


Basalt,  37,  OS,  Oy.  73.  7ft,  78,  7g 
balholith.  IQ,  34,  35.  3g,  44,   -o,  5,,  53, 

54-  S<>,  fti,  7i,  77 
liihIioKraphy,  ig 
lil.uk  .\Ii)untain  area.  iS.  34 
liritannia  I'oni.alion.  iq,  3g 
[irunswick  Mountain  arua,  ig,  35 
liurrard  Inlet,  q.  11.  (12 
liurrard  Peninsula  anti  ridpes.  10.  1 1 

I'ache  Creek  Rniup.  ji 

Capilano:    Canyon,  61.  qg,   loo-    Creek 

18:    \aHey.  80 
Caseades,  3,  q7 
Castle  Towers  -Mountain,  fio 
Cathedral  Mountain,  ig 
Caulfields  area.  34 
Chcakamnus  Valley.  17 
Chelan  stage,  it,.  iS.  gg.  loi 
("hemiral  action,  60,  05 
Cirques,  16,  20.  g3 

Classification  of  rocks.  45.  47.  48,  4g 
Clays:    Clayliurn.  65.  M,;    Howe  Sound, 

87;    New  Westminster.  86 
Climate,  21 
Coal,  5,  65 

Caast  Range.  3.  4.  5,  35,  g- 
Columnar  structure,  (jy,  70 
Conglomcates,  a,  40,  hi,  62 
Contact-zones,  52.  53.  55.  56 
Copper:    Rroup,  5g;   ore,  ()0 
Cretaceous  formation.  5,  51.  61 
Crown  .Mountain,  ig 
Crystalline  limestone,  i^,  36,  56 
Currents,  tidal,  7 


Dam  Mountain,  ig 
Diabase,  a.  30 
Dikes,  51 


Diorite.  ig,  ^S.  45,  50.  51.  in 
Dixon  I'.ntrance.  0 
Drift-sections,  80 

Kconomic  minerals.  56 
Knglish  Hay.  f,>.  So 
Kntiat.  i(..  17.  gH 
Kocenc.  f)i 
Koccne:    post  .  cruplives.  08 

Fairview  Heii:hts.  73 

False  Creek.  11,  go 

Faults.  ()y.  7.1 

Feldsp:ithic  rocks.  36.  37,  4:.  --,  t,^ 

Fiords.  4,  fi.  7.  yi 

Flood-plains.  1  j 

Fossils.  ()3.  81.  87.  Q5 

Fraser  Ix-lta,  11,  gfi 

C.arilialdi  region.  3g,  77 

Geographic  intnxluction,  3 

CleoloKical  table,  50.  31 

Geosynclinc  trouRh,  3,  b.  7 

C.laciation.  4.  S3.  84,  gi,  g3,  ,,g,  ,co,  :oi 

(;neissoi<l  structure.  34,  44 

Goat  Mountain,  ig 

CJrouse  -Mountain,  ly 

(iranite,  41 

Harbors,  4 
Hecate  Strait,  fi 
Holyburn  kidi;e,  18 
Howe  Sound.  i» 

Inlets.  4 

Inter^lacial  [X'riod.  Sg 
Intru.-,ion,  44.  50,  53 


Jura.ssic.  44 

Klamath  Mountains,  3 
Kitsilano,  02 

Lavas,  2,}.  (,.),  -2,  74,  70,  7S, 
Levels,  tables  of,  g4,  y^ 


70,g.s 


JOJ 


io6 


rur.   (.I.OLOC.Y   t)F   VANTOIVKR    AND   VIOIMTY 


l.im(  slrint-.  I  rvsl.illinc,  ,j  i,  (-,  jg,  r,o 

Lions,  Tin-  \'.inrouviT.  iS.  io 

Licility  iif  ri)(k  sampli-y,  45 

I.iiwLind  si'ciion,  10 

l.ulii  Inland,  I? 

I.ynr.  Crcik  ana,  iH.  j(,.  So,  <><> 

Mamqu.im  .Mdunlain,  jo,  g6 

.Mct.imor[)hism,  so 

Mel  how  (Kneplain.  i:;,  17,  i.s,  gc, 

Mioci-ne,  ;i.  74 

Moraines,  14.  i,s,  80 

Mountains:   PacHk  Coast  ihains.  5 

New  Westminster,  10 

N'ikomeki  san(l■^ilts,  ,Si 

North  Arm,  i.S 

()rl)iiul.ir  structure   45 

Ore  (leixisil.,,  ,,(,,  4,.  56,  j.s,  -q,  f„ 

I'aleo/.oic  ((jrmations,  (.; 

IVses  through  Coast  Ran^e,  5 

I'eKmatite,  50 

IVtrojiraphy  of  (laribaldi  region,  7,S 

Physio>;r.c|)hii-  history,  06 

I'itchstone,  (mj 

IMeisttH'ene.  ^o 

I'lioiene,  cj 

Point  (irey,  n.  14,  .Sq,  qq,  g4 

Prec  imitation,  21.  2?. 

Prince  Rupert,  d 

Prolileof  Co.i.t  Rant;e,  15 

Prospec  t  Point,  01 

PuKet  jormation.  61 

Puyallup  intcr\,il,  ,Sg 

<^)uarl/ite.  40 
(.)ualeroary  formation,  :io 
(Jueen  Charlotte  Islands,  .< 

Recent  movements  and  depositions,  g^ 
Keil  Mountain,  77 


■"hists,  .j.j,  ^^.  36,  Y),  40,  41 

Seymour  Oeek,  i,S 

Seymour  Ridt;e,  :o,  (7 

Shales,  '13 

Slates,  3(,  ,!(,,  40.  41 

-Stanley  I'ark,  tjj,  75 

Stehekin  st,i«e,  11,  iS,  100 

StopiiiR,  5J.,  ,4 

Strahan  .Mountain  area,  iS,  54 

Structural  valleys,  j,  7,  g 

SuhmerKcnce  and  subsidence,  !,  f,  81   8? 
Oi.  loi  '    ^' 

Surrey  Terrace,  14,  8g 

Table  .Mountain.  50,  70 

TenifH'rature,  22 
Terraces,  gj,  04,  y5,  101 
Te.xadan  formation,  18,  53 
Town  .sites,  6 
Tr.msverse  divides,  3,  g 
Transverse  valleys,  3 
Triassif  'f  intrusions.  42 
Tsimpsean  I'eninsu'a,  g 
Twisp  ejMKh,  ift.  18,  gg 
Tufas,  i,;i, 


L'pliil^. 
102 


0,    .Hg,    go,    gi,    g6,    gS.    gg.    100, 


\  alleys,  erosion  of,  1 7 
\ancouver  Island,  5 
\  ashon  till,  gi 
Ve>;etation  zones,  21 
Vulcanism,  57,  70.  72,  75,  78,  7q 

Watt's  Point,  Og,  72,  73,  75 
White  .Mountain,  ig 
Winds,  :{ 

Xenoliths,  30,  52,  56 

/iiic  .Mines,  57 


